Herein, a peculiar fluorometric as well
as smartphone-assisted RGB-relied sensing assay is introduced for
determining pendimethalin (PDM) herbicide contents (in parts per trillion
level) based on the anthracene-incorporated pyrimidinone/thione probes
(S1 to S4). These compounds offered a unique and impressive aggregation-induced
emission enhancement (AIEE) behavior by aggregation in H2O-dimethylformamide medium. Furthermore, these AIEE active compounds
were found to display superior selectivity and extraordinary sensitivity
for PDM detection via fluorescence quenching response. The extent
of quenching degree was found to be linearly varied with the PDM concentration
ranging from 0 to 20 nM, with a lower limit of detection of 367.8
pM (103.4 ppt) by S3 nanoaggregates. The detailed investigation revealed
that such a high sensitivity of the designed sensor toward PDM is
attributable to the existence of dual “photoinduced charge
transfer and Förster resonance energy transfer process mechanisms”.
The Stern–Volmer plots, Job’s plot, Benesi–Hildebrand
plot, and 1H NMR titrations as well indicated the existence
of substantial interactions between the sensor and PDM. The conducted
selectivity tests provided distinguishable selectivity for PDM detection
over various other insecticides/pesticides as well as other structural
nitro analogues. Additionally, the presented sensing assay was also
applied to quantify the PDM residues in spiked food (vegetables, fruits,
and grains) and water samples. In addition, the sensor-coated fluorescent
paper test strips were also fabricated for on-site detection of PDM.
The applicability of smartphone-relied RGB analysis significantly
streamlined the operation process, speeds up the detection procedure,
and also offered a novel methodology for real-time analysis of PDM
in real samples.
Since considerable intrigue has been focused on azetidinone (β-lactam) compounds for their wide range antimicrobial activity, the present study focuses on the synthesis of new series of azetidinone compounds. The reaction between the novel azomethine and α-haloester in the presence of Zn impetus and benzene resulted into the formation of desired azetidinone derivative by [2+2] cycloaddition involving imine-ketene. The reaction has also been studied in the presence of diverse Lewis acids such as Zn(OTf) 2 , ZnCl 2 , Cu(OTf) 2 , TiCl 4 , and BF 3 .Et 2 O. The effect of such Lewis acids also enhance the yield of the desired product. Moreover, the structure of the isolated products was also affirmed by spectral analysis (Fourier-transform infrared [FT-IR] spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance [ 1 H NMR], carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance [ 13 C NMR], and high-resolution mass spectrometry [HRMS]). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of synthesized compounds has been screened in vitro against different pathogenic bacterial and fungus species.Inspection of the results uncovered that all of the newly synthesized compounds individually display varying degrees of inhibitory impacts on the development of the tested bacterial species, thus, they might be considered as medication possibility for bacterial pathogens. The azomethine exhibited an expansive range of antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Acinetobacter baumannii and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis bacterial strain. The result demonstrated that the β-lactam subordinates have good antibacterial and antifungal activities on microscopic organisms.
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