The smart management of freshwater for precision irrigation in agriculture is essential for increasing crop yield and decreasing costs, while contributing to environmental sustainability. The intense use of technologies offers a means for providing the exact amount of water needed by plants. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the natural choice for smart water management applications, even though the integration of different technologies required for making it work seamlessly in practice is still not fully accomplished. The SWAMP project develops an IoT-based smart water management platform for precision irrigation in agriculture with a hands-on approach based on four pilots in Brazil and Europe. This paper presents the SWAMP architecture, platform, and system deployments that highlight the replicability of the platform, and, as scalability is a major concern for IoT applications, it includes a performance analysis of FIWARE components used in the Platform. Results show that it is able to provide adequate performance for the SWAMP pilots, but requires specially designed configurations and the re-engineering of some components to provide higher scalability using less computational resources.

Wastewater reuse was recognized as one of the solutions for the problems regarding increasing water scarcity and pollution of water resources. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a sustainable and costeffective technology for wastewater treatment. If able to produce effluent of a needed quality, they can be a valuable addition for wastewater reuse schemes. This review studied 39 treatment systems based on CWs, and it assessed their characteristics and performance on pollutants removal. Moreover, their potential to reach the future European Union standards for agricultural wastewater reuse was evaluated. The results showed that the combination of CWs with additional techniques (e.g. UV treatment, anaerobic reactors) can further increase their performance and provide better removal efficiencies in comparison with conventional HSSF and VSSF CWs. Particularly, hybrid systems showed a better removal of organic matter and bacterial indicators than single-stage CWs. Most of the systems considered could reach some of the limits for agricultural reuse in the terms of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids, although improved single-stage CWs and hybrid systems were able to meet stricter requirements. However, that was often not the case with Escherichia coli and therefore it is recommended to combine them with disinfection technologies in order to reach the levels required for agricultural reuse.

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