The present data suggest that NIRS is a feasible tool for assessing brain activation during endoscopic surgical tasks, and may have a large impact on the future development of teaching, training, and assessment methods for endoscopic surgical skills.

The novel 3DD system is a promising tool for providing depth perception with high resolution to laparoscopic surgeons.

In endoscopic surgery, surgeons should be highly professional to do the operation precisely using a 2D display as the image lacks depth perception. We aim at developing an endoscopic surgery system that consists of intuitive depth perception, enabling effective forceps operations by 3D vision. In this paper, we propose the 3D dome-shaped display system for endoscopic surgery. Developed system has been evaluated with a simulated situation and the results show that our developed system increases the degree of freedom of the forceps movement in comparison with the conventional 2D display for novice surgeons, especially depth directional distance and axial rotation of forceps.