Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation from laser-produced plasma (LPP) has been thoroughly studied for application in mass production of next-generation semiconductor devices. One critical issue for the realization of an LPP-EUV light source for lithography is the conversion efficiency (CE) from incident laser power to EUV radiation of 13.5-nm wavelength (within 2% bandwidth). Another issue is solving the problem of damage caused when debris reaches an EUV collecting mirror. Here, we present an improved power balance model, which can be used for the optimization of laser and target conditions to obtain high CE. An integrated numerical simulation code has been developed for the target design. The code agrees well with experimental results not only for CE but also for detailed EUV spectral structure. We propose a two-pulse irradiation scheme for high CE, and reduced ion debris using a carbon dioxide laser and a droplet or a punch-out target. Using our benchmarked numerical simulation code, we find a possibility to obtain CE up to 6–7%, which is more than twice that achieved to date. We discuss the reduction of ion energy within the two-pulse irradiation scheme. The mitigation of energetic ions by a magnetic field is also discussed, and we conclude that no serious instability occurs due to large ion gyroradius.

A theoretical study on quantum yields (QYs) of the photochromic cyclization and cycloreversion reactions is presented. It is shown that the thermodynamic relative stability of various energy minima on the ground state is primarily important for the cyclization reactions. On the other hand, the profile of the excited state potential energy surfaces (PESs) and the locations of conical intersections (CI) are important for the cycloreversion reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

No abstract

Postoperative ghrelin administration was effective for inhibiting inflammatory mediators and improving the postoperative clinical course of patients with esophageal cancer.

Loss of body weight is a common (and the most serious) sequela after gastrectomy. It impairs quality of life, increases various diseases including infection, and may affect long-term survival. Ghrelin, an intrinsic ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, was discovered in the stomach in 1999. In addition to growth hormone secretion, ghrelin has pleiotropic functions including appetite stimulation, increasing bowel movement and absorption, and anti-inflammatory reactions. In consequence, ghrelin comprehensively leads positive energy balance and weight gain. The fundic gland of the stomach produces the majority of ghrelin, and plasma ghrelin declines to 10-30 % of the preoperative level after total gastrectomy and 50-70 % after distal gastrectomy. Although plasma ghrelin is never restored after total gastrectomy, it gradually recovers to the preoperative level within a few years after distal gastrectomy. Chronic gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori infection and vagotomy are additional factors that perturb the ghrelin secretion of gastric cancer patients after gastrectomy. A randomized clinical trial that revealed that recombinant ghrelin administration successfully increased both food intake and appetite, and ameliorated weight loss after total gastrectomy. Ghrelin administration could thus be a promising strategy to transiently improve the nutritional status of patients who who have undergone gastrectomy, but its effect in the long term remains unclear. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanism of ghrelin and to create and evaluate the analogs that could be administered orally or subcutaneously.

(2017) Order by quenched disorder in the model triangular antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO4)2. Physical Review Letters, 119 (4). 047204. Permanent WRAP URL:http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/91153 Copyright and reuse:The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. We observe a disappearance of the 1=3 magnetization plateau and a striking change of the magnetic configuration under a moderate doping of the model triangular antiferromagnet RbFeðMoO 4 Þ 2 . The reason is an effective lifting of degeneracy of mean-field ground states by a random potential of impurities, which compensates, in the low-temperature limit, the fluctuation contribution to free energy. These results provide a direct experimental confirmation of the fluctuation origin of the ground state in a real frustrated system. The change of the ground state to a least collinear configuration reveals an effective positive biquadratic exchange provided by the structural disorder. On heating, doped samples regain the structure of a pure compound, thus allowing for an investigation of the remarkable competition between thermal and structural disorder. Publisher

We report the synthesis of some diarylethene derivatives attached to phenol moieties, which show remarkable photochromic reactions. A dithienylethene group attached to the o‐phenol moiety (1,2‐bis[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐(o‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3‐thienyl]hexafluorocyclopentene) was polymerized according to Hay's method; the resulting film was insoluble to any solvents, and showed no absorption band attributable OH group in its IR spectrum. Isomeric dithienylethenes attached to m‐ and p‐phenol moieties did not form films under the same oxidation conditions, but instead formed films by copolymerization with 4,4′‐dihydroxyphenyl ether. Although the homopolymer film and copolymer films showed reversible photochromic reactions by alternate irradiation with UV and visible light, the coloration was not remarkable. Polymerization of closed‐ring isomers of the dithienylethenes did not give pre‐polymers and instead decomposed, while the closed‐ring isomer of a bisbenzothienylethene derivative attached to the o‐phenol moiety (1,2‐bis[2‐methyl‐6‐(o‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐benzothiophen‐3‐yl]hexafluorocyclopentene) formed a polymer film by the same procedure. This polymer film showed a remarkable photochromic reaction, indicating the photo‐reactive conformation was fixed in polymer matrix, and X‐ray diffraction measurements show that the film is in the amorphous phase. The photochromic reaction can also be monitored by IR spectroscopy, making it applicable for non‐destructive read‐out recording films.

Late phase urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis was feasible and safe.