A series of cationic dinuclear hydrido complexes with bridging thiolato ligands [CpMH(&mgr;-SPr(i))(2)MCp][OTf] (4, M = Ru; 6a, M = Rh; 7a, M = Ir; Cp = eta(5)-C(5)Me(5), OTf = OSO(2)CF(3)) were synthesized by treatment of the corresponding chloro complexes [CpRuCl(&mgr;-SPr(i))(2)Ru(OH(2))Cp][OTf] (1) or [CpM(&mgr;-Cl)(&mgr;-SPr(i))(2)MCp][OTf] (2, M = Rh; 3, M = Ir) with HSiEt(3). The dirhodium and diiridium complexes 6 and 7 have been shown to possess a bridging hydrido ligand by crystallographic analysis, while the diruthenium complex 4 is proposed to have a terminal hydrido ligand that undergoes facile migration between the two ruthenium centers in solution. Complexes 4, 6a, and 7a reacted with nitrosobenzene to give the paramagnetic dinuclear nitrosobenzene complexes [CpM(&mgr;-PhNO)(&mgr;-SPr(i))(2)MCp](+) (M = Ru, Rh, Ir) along with azoxybenzene. The molecular structures of the three nitrosobenzene complexes have been determined by X-ray diffraction study to reveal that in each case nitrosobenzene acts as a &mgr;-eta(1):eta(1)-N,O ligand. Judging from the molecular structures and the ESR spectra, the unpaired electron is considered to be located mainly on the nitrosobenzene ligand, at least in the diruthenium and dirhodium complexes. On the other hand, complex 2 reacted with nitrosobenzene to give the incomplete cubane-type trinuclear cluster [(CpRh)(3)(&mgr;-Cl)(2)(&mgr;(3)-S)(&mgr;-SPr(i))](+), whose molecular structure has also been determined crystallographically.
Interactive simulation technique is incorporated in SPH method which is one of computer simulation methods in modeling and calculating fluid flow by using particles. It is required in the interactive simulation, a simulated object is operated in real-time by equipments of graphical output and controlling device. In the present study, a prototype of simulation program is implemented using " OpenGL" graphics library with perspective for versatile environment of execution. A model of tub charged with liquid (water) and rectangle solid body, which is composed of 301 SPH particles, is investigated in two dimension. It is found that the motion of fluid is induced by the artificial movement of the solid body and a complicated free-surface structure is developed. It is concluded that interactivity facilitate our recognition of phenomena being reproduced in SPH simulation though there remains improvement regarding interactive device and graphical computer resources.
This study was carried out to determine the design and thickness of the cervical margin of a castable ceramic restoration from the point of view of its castability. Castability of castable ceramics was lower compared to Ag-Pd-Au and Co-Cr alloy with the use of the mesh pattern and rod patten test (p<0.05). It was more dependent on the pattern thickness than alloys (p<0.05), and perfect reproducibility with non-measurable variability could be estimated to reach 1.0mm thickness of the original pattern (p<0.001). Marginal shape was certainly more reproducible in a right angle shoulder than in 30, or 45 degree bevels (p<0.05). From these results, it is suggested that a right angle shoulder margin with 1.0mm thickness is more suitable to castable glass ceramic restoration than any other design.
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