Background: Despite; it's effectively used to predicting the behavioral intentions of different health behaviors; the theory of planned behavior has been rarely tested in the context of low income countries. The current study has examined the effect of past behavioral experience on predictive applicability of theory of planned Behavior to intended use cervical cancer screening among women in resources poor settings. Methods: The study employed cross-sectional design enrolling 422 women visiting maternal and child health clinic. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The research was conducted under the framework of the theory of planned behavior to measure attitude, intention, perceived social and contextual influences. The SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. A hierarchal multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to estimate the predictive power of the theory. The adjusted R-square and standardized regression coefficient were used to interpret the variance and effects of predictors on intention to cervical cancer screening respectively. P-value less than 5% was used to indicate significant associations. Results: The theory of planned behavior has explained variance in intention to use cervical cancer screening by 23.5% (R 2 =0.235). The inclusion of socio-demographic factors and past behavioral experiences into the model improved the prediction to 34.6% (R 2 = 0.349) indicating;11.40% of the prediction was attributed by factors external to theory. Subjective norm and attitude accounted for the highest and least variances in intention with 12.4% (R 2 = 0.124, F= 64.41, p=0.001) and 5.1% (R 2 = 0.051, F= 22.38, P=0.001) respectively. The past behavioral experience of using cervical cancer screening was significantly accounted for very small variances in intention with; 1% (R 2 = 0.01, F= 4.11, p=0.043) Conclusion: The past behavioral experience has small significant positive effect on the prediction. Intention to use cervical cancer screening among women can fairly be predicted by the application of theory of planned behavior. The predictive power of the theory could be improved with the inclusion of external factors like socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral experiences into the theory. Considering these factors while designing TPB based researches and health behavior change
Background Pregnancy-induced hypertension is the new onset of high blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted in our country to investigate the association between this pregnancy problem and iron-folic acid supplementation. The aim of this study was to determine the association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in pregnant women at public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone. Methods An institution-based case–control study was conducted among pregnant women who visited public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone from March 3, 2022, to August 30, 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to select the study participants. The total sample size was 492, of which 164 were cases and 328 were controls. The data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews and measurements. The data were entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to STATA 14 for analysis. Those variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were presented using texts, tables, and figures. Results A total of 471 women participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96%. The cases had a mean age of 25 ± 4.43, while the controls had a mean age of 25 ± 3.99. The mean age at first pregnancy among cases was 20 ± 2.82 and among controls was 20 ± 2.97. The average number of deliveries for cases and controls was 1.97 ± 1.41 and 1.95 ± 1.38, respectively. There is no significant association between iron-folic acid supplementation and PIH. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it (AOR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.0–12.9). Eating kocho (AOR = 14.4; 95% CI: 1.2–16.7) was positively associated with PIH. Conclusions There is no association between iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of PIH as compared to those without it. There is an association between kocho consumption and PIH. More research should be done using stronger designs.
Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension is the new onset of high blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation in women with previously normal blood pressure. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted in our country to investigate the association between this pregnancy problem and iron-folic acid supplementation. The aim of this was determine the association between iron-folic acid supplementation and pregnancy-induced hypertension in pregnant women at public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo Zone. Methods: An institution-based case-control study was conducted among pregnant women who came to public hospitals in the Wolaita Sodo zone from March 3, 2022, to August 30, 2022. A consecutive sampling method was used to select the study participants. The total sample size was 492; of that, 164 were cases and 328 were controls. The data were gathered by reviewing the women's medical records and measurements and conducting face-to-face interviews using a pretested questionnaire. The information was entered into EpiData version 4.6 and exported to STATA 14. Finally, the data were analyzed by a logistic regression model using this STATA software. Those variables with a p-value less than 0.05 were declared statistically significant. Descriptive statistics and odds ratios were presented using texts, tables, and figures. Results: A total of 471 women participated in this study, yielding a response rate of 96%. Cases had a mean age of 25 ± 4.43 and controls had a mean age of 25 ± 3.99. The mean age at first pregnancy among cases was 20 ± 2.82 and among controls was 20 ± 2.97. The average number of deliveries for cases and controls were 1.97 ± 1.41and 1.95 ± 1.38 respectively. Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of pregnancy-induced hypertension as compared to those without it (AOR= 3.65; 95% CI: 1.0-12.9). Eating Kocho (AOR= 14.4; 95%CI: 1.2-167) was positively associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension. There is no significant association between iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Conclusions: Pregnant women with high hemoglobin levels had higher odds of pregnancy induced hypertension as compared to those without it. There is no association between iron-folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Measuring hemoglobin levels during a pregnant woman's first visit is done routinely in all cases. More strong designs should be done.
Background: Despite; it’s effectively used to predicting the behavioral intentions of different health behaviors; the theory of planned behavior has been rarely tested in the context of low income countries. The current study has examined the effect of past behavioral experience on predictive applicability of theory of planned Behavior to intended use cervical cancer screening among women in resources poor settings. Methods: The study employed cross-sectional design enrolling 422 women visiting maternal and child health clinic. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The research was conducted under the framework of the theory of planned behavior to measure attitude, intention, perceived social and contextual influences. The SPSS version 21.0 was used to analyze the data. A hierarchal multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted to estimate the predictive power of the theory. The adjusted R-square and standardized regression coefficient were used to interpret the variance and effects of predictors on intention to cervical cancer screening respectively. P-value less than 5% was used to indicate significant associations. Results: The theory of planned behavior has explained variance in intention to use cervical cancer screening by 23.5% (R 2 =0.235). The inclusion of socio-demographic factors and past behavioral experiences into the model improved the prediction to 34.6% (R 2 = 0.349) indicating;11.40% of the prediction was attributed by factors external to theory. Subjective norm and attitude accounted for the highest and least variances in intention with 12.4% (R 2 = 0.124, F= 64.41, p=0.001) and 5.1% (R 2 = 0.051, F= 22.38, P=0.001) respectively. The past behavioral experience of using cervical cancer screening was significantly accounted for very small variances in intention with; 1% (R 2 = 0.01, F= 4.11, p=0.043) Conclusion: The past behavioral experience has small significant positive effect on the prediction. Intention to use cervical cancer screening among women can fairly be predicted by the application of theory of planned behavior. The predictive power of the theory could be improved with the inclusion of external factors like socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral experiences into the theory. Considering these factors while designing TPB based researches and health behavior change interventions is recommended.
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