Household welfare is depleted by catastrophic health expenditure by forcing families to reduce the consumption of necessary goods and services, underutilization of health services, and of finally falling into the poverty trap. To mitigate such problem, the Government of Ethiopia launched CBHI schemes. Therefore, this study investigates the household welfare impact of Community based health insurance (CBHI) in the Chilga district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 531 households (of which 356 were treated and 175 control groups). Probit and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to analyze the data. Probit model revealed the following: Level of education, access to credit, chronic disease, insurance premium, awareness, distance to health service, and health service waiting time are significant determinates for being insured in CBHI. The PSM method revealed that the insured households associated with visits increased by 2.6 times, reduced per-capita health expenditure by 17–14% points, increased the per-capita consumption of non-food items by 12–14% points, increased the per-capita consumption of food items by 12–13% points in a given matching algorithm compared to the counterparts. Therefore, CBHI has enhanced service utilization by reducing per-capita health expenditure and increasing consumption per-capita, in general, it improved household welfare. To this end, the results of this study suggested that the government (ministry of health) and concerned bodies (such as NGOs) should extend the coverage and accessibility of CBHI schemes, create aware to the society about CBHI, and subsidize premium costs of the poor.

Agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopia’s economy. It is responsible for 35.45% of the country’s total domestic output. This means that the sector is critical for enhancing the lives of the wider population. Despite its importance, Ethiopia’s agricultural sector produces little. The Ethiopian government has focused on increasing the usage of organic fertilizers to improve this and overall economic growth. Organic fertilizer use is still inadequate in most parts of Ethiopia, including Moretna Jeru District in North Shewa Zone, Amhara region. The main objective of this study was to investigate factors that influence the adoption (use) of organic fertilizer technology in Moretna Jeru District. For this study, primary data were acquired from 192 smallholder farmers who were chosen at random throughout the 2020/21 growing seasons. The factors influencing organic fertilizer adoption were investigated using a probit model. Farmers’ characteristics such as extension contact, number of livestock, landownership via title deed, and household size have a favorable and significant impact on organic fertilizer usage. Farmers should be encouraged to use manure technology. This would be attainable if the government, nongovernmental organizations, and other stakeholders focused more on improving extension services and providing better information and training on the use of organic fertilizers.

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The biggest impediment to the Ethiopian government’s ability to raise revenue by its means to the required level is the lack of taxpayers’ compliance behavior with the tax system. Therefore, this study examines the key determinants of taxpayers’ compliance behavior with the tax system in the Afar regional state. To this end, two purposively selected woredas (Awash and Aba’ala) and one city administration (Samara-logia) were used. Primary data were collected from 404 randomly selected respondents. The ordered logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors that determine tax compliance. Results show that tax knowledge, probability of detection, perception of government spending, organizational strength of the tax authority, fairness of the tax system, and simplicity of the tax system have positive effects on tax compliance, whereas tax rates have a negative effect on tax compliance in the Afar regional state. As a result, it is suggested that the tax authorities launch effective and brief awareness-development and tax education programs for the general public and taxpayers in particular. The tax system, notably the tax return, tax forms, and tax rules, should be simplified by the tax authorities so that they are readily understood by taxpayers. Furthermore, the tax authorities should be powerful enough to effectively and efficiently enforce the tax laws, and to ensure tax fairness, their tax liability must be determined by their ability to pay. Lastly, the government must maintain accountability and transparency in how tax revenue is dispensed, as well as deliver social services to the public efficiently and intelligently so that taxpayers have faith in and a favorable attitude toward the taxes they pay and the tax system.

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