Effects of different temperatures (10˚C, 15˚C, 20˚C, 25˚C and 35˚C) and various water potentials (0, −0.25, −0.5, −0.75, −1.0, −1.25, −1.5 MPa) on seed germination and early seedling development of two contrasting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars were studied. Different temperatures were applied in an incubator by adjusting the device according to the specific treatments. Water potential treatments were done by using different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG), 8000 (molecular weight). The results showed significant differences between the two cultivars in all characters studied. The cultivar Arman exhibited the higher germination percentage and rate than the cultivar Pirooz. Water stress caused significant reductions in germination parameters at unfavorable temperatures (10˚C, 30˚C, and 35˚C). Seeds of both cultivars, which are subjected to high osmotic potentials, had high recovery percentages at the optimum temperature (25˚C). In conclusion, the cultivar Arman seems to be more tolerant to water stress at suboptimal and super optimal temperatures compared with Pirooz.
A field experiment was conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Research and Teaching Farms of the Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Gadarif, to evaluate the effect of different rates of chicken manure on the growth and yield of jute mallow. The experiment consisted of four levels of chicken manure viz; 0, 5, 10, and 20 t/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that increasing chicken manure significantly increased all the growth attributes of jute mall and resulted in an increase in crop yield and yield components in both seasons. The present study revealed that jute mallow has a positive response to chicken manure application which succeeded to compensate the deficiency of minerals in the Gadarif State of Sudan under rain-fed conditions. The study also recommend that the highest chicken manure application rate (20 t/ha) is indispensible for vigorous growth and substantial increase in jute mallow under harsh semi-arid conditions of Sudan.
A laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the effect of temperature on germination and early seedling establishment and to study the variation among thermal time model parameters for two contrasting chickpea cultivars. Seeds were subjected to six constant temperatures from 10˚C to 35˚C. A complete randomized design was used with four replications. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (p < 0.05) among all characters studied. The final germination percentage of both cultivars significantly (p < 0.05) increased with increasing temperature up to 25˚C, and thereafter there was a sharp decrease in final germination at super optimal temperatures (30˚C and 35˚C). Desi type cultivar (small seeded) locally called "Jabel Marra" significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited higher final germination percentage and germination rate compared with the smaller seeded kabui type cultivar "Shendi" at all temperatures. The median (θT(50)) of the thermal time was significantly (p < 0.05) different between the two chickpea cultivars. The large seeded cultivars (Shendi) recorded significantly (p < 0.01) higher median thermal time than the small seeded cultivars (Jabel Marra). The results also revealed significant (p < 0.01) differences between the two cultivars on the other parameters of thermal time model. On the other hand, the small seeded cultivar (Jabel Marra) scored lower total dry matter and temperature tolerance index (TTI) compared with the large seeded cultivar (Shendi) at all temperatures studied.
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