1 Active biocatalyst such as microorganisms or enzymes liberate electron while electron donors are 2 consumed in biological fuel cells. Biological fuel cells are a novel technology which produces bio-3 electrochemical power using various materials such as complex organic waste or natural organic 4 matter in the anaerobic anode condition. Recently, great attentions have been paid to biological 5 fuel cells due to their mild operating conditions and using variety of biodegradable substrates as 6 fuel. Sediment Microbial Fuel cell (SMFC) is a kind of Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) that can 7 produce electrical current by sediment's organic matter content and using bacterial metabolism. 8 SMFCs have been developed in the past decade to provide a renewable power source and organic 9 matter removal. SMFC differs from other MFCs due to the essentially complete anoxic condition 10 on the anode and membrane less structure. To further improve SMFC technology, this paper 11 focuses on SMFC's limitation and challenges and collects latest surveys in this field.12