Cytokines and growth factors are powerful modulators of the immune response. Their aberrant expression either by the tumor cells or by the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes confers a selective advantage to the tumor to grow and suppress the cytotoxic activity of the infiltrating lymphocytes. Therefore, analysis of these soluble factors in the tumor microenvironment can provide an insight into the understanding of the tumor behavior and may be used as a prognostic factor. In the present study the nature of the tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytokine profile was examined in 36 and 19 mammary carcinoma tissues, respectively, by immunohistochemistry and PCR. Phenotypic differences in the number of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) and lymphokine activated killer cells (CD16) was observed among TILs when patients with either early disease stage (39% and 46.6%, respectively) or those alive with no residual disease (31% and 52%, respectively) were compared with late stage (9.7% and 22.8%, respectively) or those dead of disease (14.6% and 15.6%, respectively). Furthermore, analysis of the 19 tumor samples for cytokine mRNA expression by RT‐PCR revealed the presence of TNF‐α, IL‐10, TGF‐β1, and IL‐2. However, semi‐quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated TGF‐ β1 expression to be significantly higher in patients with a favorable outcome (1.0246 attomoles/μmoles) as compared to patients with a poor prognosis (0.1157 attomoles/μmoles). Our results demonstrate the potential biological significance of certain host factors, particularly TILs and TGF β1 expression, on the outcome of breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer 74:492–501, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Morphea (localized scleroderma), and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LSA) share common features with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA), a known chronic form of borreliosis. These include similar histologic findings such as diffuse dermal fibrosis. These observations have led several investigators to consider the possibility of Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) as a common etiologic factor among all of these diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Bb in the pathogenesis of morphea and LSA, by assaying for its presence in lesional skin biopsies from patients with these diseases. We utilized the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to selectively amplify a longer segment of a Bb-specific somatic gene, on DNA from paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissues. The results revealed no Bb-specific DNA sequence in 28 specimens of morphea/scleroderma and 7 of LSA with varying stages of disease. Furthermore, confirmatory Southern blot of the PCR product, resulted in similar findings. These data seriously question the role played by this spirochete in the pathogenesis of morphea and LSA, at least in the southeastern part of the USA.