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The temperature scaling of the dynamic hysteresis was investigated in soft ferroelectric bulk ceramic. The power-law temperature scaling relations were obtained for hystersis area ⟨A⟩ and remnant polarization Pr, while the coercivity EC was found to scale linearly with temperature T. The three temperature scaling relations were also field dependent. At fixed field amplitude E0, the scaling relations take the forms of ⟨A⟩∝T−1.1024, Pr∝T−1.2322, and (EC0−EC)∝T. Furthermore, the product of Pr and EC also provides the same scaling law on the T dependence in comparison with ⟨A⟩.

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The scaling relation of ferroelectric hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ against frequency f and field amplitude E0 for the saturated loops of the hard lead zirconate titanate bulk ceramic takes the form of ⟨A⟩∝f−0.28E00.89, while that for the minor loops takes the form of ⟨A⟩∝f−0.43E03.19. In both cases, the scaling relations are similar to those of its soft counterpart. This indicates that the dynamic behaviors and scaling relations in bulk ceramics are mainly governed by the domain states and structures, while the distinct types of complex defects contribute mainly to the difference in the coercive field observed in hard and soft ceramics.

The scaling behavior of the dynamic hysteresis of ferroelectric BaTiO3 single crystals was investigated. Two sets of the scaling relation of hysteresis area ⟨A⟩ against frequency f and field amplitude E0 were clearly established. Above the coercive field, the scaling took a form of ⟨A⟩∝f−0.195E00.950. On the other hand, the scaling in the form of ⟨A⟩∝f1.667E0−2.804E04.157 was obtained under subcoercive field condition. While these scaling relations were generally comparable to previously reported ones, it was found that the f and E0 exponents depended on E0 and f, respectively, which was in contrast to the prior theoretical prediction and experimental investigations.

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