Background: To assess the antioxidant effects of gamma-oryzanol on human prostate cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity of gamma-oryzanol on human DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells was determined by proliferation assay using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol, 2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent. mRNA levels of genes involved in the intracellular antioxidant system, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GSR) were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cancer cell lysates were used to measure lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Glutathione contents of the cell lysates were estimated by the reaction between sulfhydryl group of 5, 5'-dithio (bis) nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) to produce a yellowcolor of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid using colorimetric assay. Catalase activity was also analysed by examining peroxidative function. Protein concentration was estimated by Bradford's assay. Results: All concentrations of gamma-oryzanol, 0.1-2.0mg/ml, significantly inhibited cell growth in a dose-and time-dependent fashion in both prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC3. Gene expression of catalase in DU145 and PC3 exposed to gamma-orizanol at 0.5mg/ml for 14 days was down regulated, while mRNA of GPX was also down regulated in PC3. The MDA and glutathione levels including catalase activity in the cell lysates of DU145 and PC3 treated with gamma-oryzanol 0.1 and 0.5mg/ml were generally decreased. Conclusions: This study highlighted effects of gamma-oryzanol via the down-regulation of antioxidant genes, catalase and GPX, not cytotoxic roles. This might be interesting for adjuvant chemotherapy to make prostate cancer cells more sensitive to free radicals. It might be useful for the reduction of cytotoxic agents and cancer chemoprevention.
Results of renal transplantation in very young children with end‐stage chronic renal failure have been poor compared with those in older children and adults. Consequently small children either may not be treated or may be placed on chronic dialysis programmes. Between 1988 and 1992, six children under the age of 5 years received seven renal transplants at the Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; five from live donors and two from cadaver donors. All children were treated with peritoneal dialysis before transplantation, and immunosuppressed with a standardized regimen of cyclosporine, azathioprine and prednisolone. An extraperitoneal incision was used, and the donor renal vessels were anastomosed to the lower abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava or the common iliac vein. All children received intensive monitoring and fluid replacement during the peri‐operative period. Patient survival was 100%. One cadaver graft failed 1 week after transplantation because of irreversible acute rejection. This child subsequently received a successful second transplant. Two children developed postoperative urinary fistulae which were treated successfully by further operation. Current renal function in all children is excellent. The success of this programme has led us to review our attitude towards renal transplantation in this age group and to advocate live donor renal transplantation as the treatment of choice in very young children with end‐stage chronic renal failure whenever possible.
This work was carried out in collaboration between two authors. Author RS did the experimental design, performed the cytotoxic, cytoprotective, and catalase activity assays, statistical analysis, and literature searches. Author AS managed for the cell culture, RT-PCR, literature searches, and wrote first draft of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.