Pasca amandemen UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang berbunyi “Bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat” penguasaan negara yang ada dalam Pasal 33 ayat (3) tersebut hanya mengatur pada bumi, air dan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Padahal saat ini keberadaan ruang angkasa berhubungan erat dengan hajat hidup orang banyak, salah satunya pemanfaatan GSO (geo stationary orbit) yang merupakan sumber daya alam terbatas. Sehingga hal tersebut menimbulkan masalah baru khususnya bagi Indonesia sebagai negara khatulistiwa yang mana penempatan GSO berada di atasnya. Masalah tersebut adalah bagaimana internalisasi terkait konsep penguasaan negara menurut Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945 terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa, serta bagaimana regulasi-regulasi yang mengatur terkait pemanfaatan sumber daya alam di wilayah ruang angkasa apakah sudah sesuai dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian analisis kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya keberadaan GSO sebagai sumber daya alam terbatas, keberadan GSO hanya ada di atas khatulistiwa dan Indonesia salah satu negara yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa. Beragam konvensi internasional yang telah disahkan ke dalam peraturan di Indonesia maupun regulasi yang ada di Indonesia berkenaan dengan pemanfaatan ruang angkasa sampai saat ini belum memberikan manfaat dan pengaturan yang komprehensif terkait memanfaatkan sumber daya alam yang terkandung dalam wilayah ruang angkasa tersebut, sehingga menjadi suatu keharusan bagi Indonesia sebagai negara yang berdaulat untuk memberikan jaminan secara konstitusional bagi keberadaan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa untuk dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat.After the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 33 paragraph (3) that stated "The land, the water and the natural resources within shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people" the state authorities in Article 33 paragraph (3) only regulates earth, water and and the natural resources within. Whereas today, the existence of the outer space is closely associated with the lives of many people, as such, the utilization of GSO (Geostationary Orbit) which is a limited natural resource. So that it rises new issues, especially for Indonesia as an equatorial country where the placement of GSOs is above it. The problem is how to internalization the utilization of natural resources in outer space (related to the concept of state authorities according to Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia), and how the regulation that regulates the utilitazion of natural resources in outer space are appropriately used to the greatest benefit of the people. This study aims to answer these two issuess by investigating normatively or library research. This law research conducted by analyzing secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials. In this qualitative analysis research, the secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials connected to each other and interpreted in order to find answers to solve the research issues. The results of this study provide an overview about the existence of outer space which has an important role for every country, especially the existence of the GSO as a limited natural resource. GSO only exists above the equator and Indonesia is one of the countries which is passed by the equator. International conventions that have been ratified into Indonesian regulations and regulations in Indonesia relating to the utilization of outer space have not provided a comprehensive benefits and regulations related to utilizing natural resources contained in these outer space areas, so that it becomes a necessity for Indonesia as a sovereign country to provide constitutional guarantees for the existence of natural resources that exist in the outer space to be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.
The upcoming General Elections and Regional Head Elections, which will be held in 2024, will reap probelmatics. One of them is about the appointment of acting regional heads which is considered contrary to democratic aspects, because there is no community involvement or inaccessibility to the mechanism for appointing acting regional heads. On the one hand, the Government does not heed the Decision of the Constitutional Court to issue implementing regulations as a follow-up to Article 201 of Law Number 10 of 2016 concerning Regional Elections. In fact, it is clear that the Constitutional Court is the guardion of constitution as well as the guardion of democracy. This is what makes the author want to do more research to answer the above problems. To answer this, the author uses a normative research method, namely by researching library materials or secondary data as basic materials for research. The approach used is a conceptual and statute approach.
Through state-owned equipment, the police are empowered to issue a Police Clearance Certificate (SKCK). However SKCK cannot label someone if someone is evil or not. Whereas written legal norms are characterized by legal certainty, in other words, law without certainty values will lose its meaning because it can no longer be used as a code of conduct for everyone. By reviewing references or literature related to criminal acts, prevention of crime, legal certainty and authority. SKCK is a preventive action carried out by the police institution as the State institution that has the authority over security and order. The responsibility for crime prevention is carried out by the National Police and the public by carrying out pre-emptive and preventive tasks, namely making community members obey and obey the law. Polri is responsible for approximately 20% of activities while 80% of other activities are the responsibility of the community which consists of various elements. The most important thing is that the label of criminal not criminal is the authority of the court. So that SKCK is not based on crime prevention but is based on the concept of labeling.
The ratification of Law No.7 of 1989 concerning the Religious Courts brought enormous changes to the position of the religious judiciary, not only in its position as a judicial institution as part of executing the same judicial power as other judicial institutions. However, the ratification of the granting of full authority which is the main task of the religious court to resolve cases of Muslims in Indonesia relating to family law. With the birth of the religious court law, the religious judiciary has become independent in Indonesia in enforcing laws based on Islamic law for those seeking justice who are Muslim in relation to civil matters in the fields of marriage, inheritance, wills, grants and endowments. Therefore, Muslims in Indonesia are required to submit their cases to the religious court which is the authority of the religious court. Jurisprudence is a fundamental need to complement various laws and regulations in the application of law because in the national legal system it plays a role as a source of law. Without jurisprudence, the function and authority of the judiciary as the executor of judicial power will cause sterility and stagnation. Jurisprudence aims to keep laws up to date and apply effectively, and can even increase the authority of the judiciary because they are able to maintain legal certainty, social justice and protection. Legal certainty will be realized if in the application of law there is a common perception. The existence of legal certainty will prevent or avoid disparities and inconsistencies in decisions because judges have applied the same legal standards to cases or cases that are the same or similar to cases that have been terminated or tried by a previous judge, so that the verdict on his case can be predicted by justice seekers. With this consistent decision, a sense of justice and legal certainty can be realized.
The commercialization of space in this century has become a new phenomenon that includes all kinds of activities that lead to exploration and even exploitation in space. These activities are carried out by the private sector or certain countries that have advanced technology capabilities in conducting exploration in space. Exploration activities in space are not only limited to the placement of remote sensing satellites, astronomical observations, power plants, or communication facilities but also led to the exploitation of natural resources in space. This certainly has an impact on Indonesia considering that national legal guarantees are not yet comprehensive in regulating space. Therefore this research was conducted to analyze how national laws regulate aspects of space and how the impact of exploration and exploitation of natural space resources for Indonesia. The results of this study illustrate that the existence of space has an important role for every country, especially Indonesia. Considering the existence and rapid development of space, Indonesia needs to provide a more comprehensive legal guarantee in regulating space, especially in the use of natural space resources.Keywords: Space, Exploration and Exploitation, Natural Resources. ABSTRAKKomersialisasi ruang angkasa di abad ini menjadi fenomena baru yang meliputi segala macam aktivitas yang mengarah pada eksplorasi bahkan eksploitasi di ruang angkasa. Aktivitas tersebut dilakukan oleh swasta maupun negara tertentu yang memiliki kemampuan teknologi canggih dalam melakukan penjelajahan di ruang angkasa. Kegiatan eksplorasi di ruang angkasa tidak hanya sebatas pada penempatan satelit penginderaan jarak jauh, observasi astronomi, pembangkit tenaga, atau sarana komunikasi namun juga sudah mengarah pada eksploitasi sumber daya alam di ruang angkasa. Hal tersebut tentu memberikan dampak bagi Indonesia mengingat jaminan hukum nasional belum begitu komprehensif mengatur berkenaan dengan ruang angkasa. Maka dari itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis bagaimana hukum nasional mengatur aspek ruang angkasa serta bagaimana dampak eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam ruang angkasa bagi Indonesia. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya Indonesia. Mengingat keberadaan serta perkembangan ruang angkasa begitu pesat, sehingga Indonesia perlu memberikan jaminan hukum yang lebih komprehensif dalam pengaturan ruang angkasa khususnya dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam ruang angkasa.Kata Kunci : Ruang Angkasa; Eksplorasi dan Eksploitasi; Sumber Daya Alam. АннотацияКоммерциализация космоса в этом столетии стала новым явлением, которое включает в себя все виды деятельности, ведущие к исследованию и даже эксплуатации космоса. Подобные действия осуществляются частным сектором или некоторыми странами, которые обладают передовыми технологическими возможностями для проведения исследований в космосе. Исследовательская деятельность в космосе не только ограничивается размещением спутников дистанционного зондирования, астрономическими наблюдениями, электростанциями или средствами коммуникации, но также ведет к эксплуатации природных ресурсов в космосе. Это, безусловно, влияет на Индонезию, учитывая, что национальные правовые гарантии еще не являются исчерпывающими в регулировании космоса. Таким образом, это исследование было проведено для анализа того, как национальное законодательство регулирует аспекты космоса и как влияют исследование и эксплуатация природных космических ресурсов на Индонезию. Результаты этого исследования показывают, что существование космоса играет важную роль для каждой страны, особенно для Индонезии. Учитывая существование и быстрое развитие космоса, Индонезии необходимо предоставить более всеобъемлющие правовые гарантии в регулировании космоса, особенно в использовании природных космических ресурсов.Ключевые слова: Космос, исследование и эксплуатация, природные ресурсы
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