Adsorption processes are extensively used in wastewater treatment for heavy metal removal. The most widely used adsorbent is activated carbon giving the best of results but it’s high cost limits its use. It has a high cost of production and regeneration. As the world today faces a shortage of freshwater resources, it is inevitable to look for alternatives that lessen the burden on existing resources. Also, heavy metals are toxic even in trace concentrations, so an environmentally safe method of their removal necessitated the requirement of low cost adsorbents. Adsorption is a cost-effective technique and gained recognition due to its minimum waste disposal advantage. This chapter focuses on the process of adsorption and the types of adsorbent available today. It also encompasses the low-cost adsorbents ranging from agricultural waste to industrial waste explaining the adsorption reaction condition. The cost-effectiveness, technical applicability and easy availability of raw material with low negative impact on the system are the precursors in selecting the adsorbents. The novelty of the chapter lies in covering a wide range of adsorbents with their efficiency in removal of heavy metals from wastewater.
Second-order rate constants (k 2 ) of the reaction between phenacyl bromide and equimolar mixture of nitrobenzoic acid(s)-triethylamine have been determined in dimethylformamide (DMF)/acetonitrile (ACN)/acetone and aqueous mixtures of these solvents by conductometric method at 30 • C. The rates of nitrobenzoic acids are found to be in the order: 4-NO 2 > 3-NO 2 > 3,5-(NO 2 ) 2 . Changes in the rate just by the addition of water (1% (v/v)) into organic component is rationalized. Decrease in the values of k 2 on increasing water content in organic solvent is explained on the basis of preferential solvation phenomenon. Single and dual regression analysis using the various solvent parameters of aqueous mixtures (E T (30), Z, π * , β, α, and Y) resulted in π * and α as the best parameters to explain solvation of nitrobenzoates. C
As major oil and gas companies have been investing in renewable energy, renewable energy has been part of the oil and gas industry in the last decade. Originally, renewables were seen as a competing form of energy source as a threat that may replace or decrease the share of fossil fuels as an alternative energy resource in the US and developed countries. However, oil and gas industry has adapted to the wind of change and has started investing and utilizing the renewable sources of energy significantly. In this perspective, this study investigates and outlines the latest advances, technologies, potential of renewables both as an alternative and a complementary source of energy in the world n the current supply and demand dynamics of oil and gas resources.
A comprehensive literature review focusing on the recent developments and findings in the renewable resources along with the availability of the renewable energy and locations are outlined and discussed under the current dynamics of the oil and gas market and resources. Literature review includes a broad spectrum that spans from technical petroleum literature with very comprehensive research using SCOPUS database to non-technical but renowned resources including journals and other publications including raw data as well as forecasts and opinions of respected experts. The raw data and expert opinions are organized, summarized and outlined in a temporal way within its category for the respective energy source.
Not only the facts and information are outlined for the individual type of energy resource but also the relationship between the forms of energy resources are discussed from a perspective of their roles either as a competing or a complementary source to oil and gas. In this sense, this study goes beyond only providing raw data or facts about the energy resources but also a thorough publication that provides the oil and gas industry professional with a clear image of the past, present and the expected near future of the oil and gas industry as it stands with respect to renewable energy resources.
Among the few existing studies that shed light on the current status of the oil and gas industry facing the development of the renewable energy are up-to-date and the existing studies within SPE domain focus on facts only lacking the interrelationship between the individual form of renewable energy and oil and gas such as solar energy used in oil and gas fields as a complementary renewable energy.
The present work has been carried out to study the effect of some input parameters on the desired response in the Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) plastic, welded by hot air technique. The effect of hot air temperature, welding speed and air flow rate has been evaluated on the Tensile Strength, of the weld bead deposited. These responses have been analysed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and experimental modeling. Plots of significant factors and experimental modeling have been used to determine the best fit relationship between the responses and the model parameters using MINITAB 17. This has been used to determine the most influencing parameter.
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