Twenty two distinct bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water from five locations in the city of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire over a two-year period, using a collection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with diverse genotypes. The phages were characterized by their virulence spectrum on a panel of selected P. aeruginosa strains from cystic fibrosis patients and by whole genome sequencing. Twelve virions representing the observed diversity were visualised by electron microscopy. The combined observations showed that 17 phages, distributed into seven genera, were virulent, and that five phages were related to temperate phages belonging to three genera. Some showed similarity with known phages only at the protein level. The vast majority of the genetic variations among virulent phages from the same genus resulted from seemingly non-random horizontal transfer events, inside a population of P. aeruginosa phages with limited diversity. This suggests the existence of a single environmental reservoir or ecotype in which continuous selection is taking place. In contrast, mostly point mutations were observed among phages potentially capable of lysogenisation. This is the first study of P. aeruginosa phage diversity in an African city and it shows that a large variety of phage species can be recovered in a limited geographical site at least when different bacterial strains are used. The relative temporal and spatial stability of the Abidjan phage population might reflect equilibrium in the microbial community from which they are released.
The growing population of the city of Daloa, together with its growing urbanization, has a diversified need for food resources. Urban and periurban production of lettuce is a food resource for its people. This study was designed to assess the risk of microbial contamination. For the conduct of the study, first a survey was carried out on different sites of urban production to know the technical process of production. Then, mature lettuce, ready for sale and then consumed from a site, was subjected to microbiological characterization according to the standards in force. Microbiological analyzes revealed a high contamination. For mesophilic aerobic germs, the charges in CFU/g ranged between 1.7x10 7 and 6.7x10 7 . The loads in CFU/g for yeasts and molds ranged from 3.4x10 5 to 9.3x10 5 . As for fecal coliforms and enterobacteria, their loads ranged between 1.2x10 5 to 2.8x10 5 CFU/g for the first and 7.2x10 5 to 10 6 CFU/g for the second. These samples were contaminated with both Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus c + and Salmonella sp. The loads in E. coli and S. aureus c+ ranged between 9.4x10 4 and 1.8x10 5 for the first and 4x10 3 to 1.1x10 4 CFU/g for the second. Salmonella sp. was found with loads ranging from 6.1x10 4 to 8.2x10 4 CFU/g. Empirical production process would increase the risk of microbial contamination. It is necessary to produce healthy lettuce for Daloa's consumers.
The sale of soft drinks in and around primary schools is recurrent in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this work is to evaluate the rate of some biochemical and physicochemical parameters and the health risks related to the consumption of soft drinks. The biochemical and physicochemical parameters were determined according to the standard SOXHLET technique, that of Kjeldhal and also that described by Dubois et al in1956. Potentially pathogenic and pathogenic germs were enumerated and researched according to reference methods described by AFNOR. The moisture content of the different beverages ranged from 3.9±0.05 to 3.2±0.05, and the sugar content from 26.06±2.05 to 5.96±1.60. For the acidity, the higher value was 0.93± 0.15 (Bissap juice) and the lowest was 0.64± 0.02 (Tamarind juice). For proteins, the high value was 44.15 ± 0.11 (Milk Mint Juice) and the low value was 38.15 ± 0.11 (Ginger Juice). As for dry matter, the highest value was found in ginger juice (44.76 ±0.02) and the lowest in bissap juice (40.96 ±0.01). Soft drinks sold in Williamsville schools contain such potentially pathogenic species as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus with a wide range of loadings in the drinks. Escherichia coli was not identified. No Salmonella was observed in the different soft drinks analyzed. The presence of potentially pathogenic germs could pose a danger to school children.
Objective: The general objective of this work is to evaluate the microbiological quality of some smoked fish sold in the markets of the city of Abidjan. Methods: The collection of samples for analysis took place in the markets of the communes of Cocody II- Plateaux (Sococe) and Cocody Center, Abobo, Adjamé Williamsville and the big market. Moisture content, lipid content, protein content and ash content were performed. A quantity of 10 samples composed of 5 smoked fish per sample were collected by market in sterile stomascher bags, then transported in a cooler containing ice to the laboratory to perform microbiological analysis. These are inoculation in the mass which took into account the Sabouraud media with chloramphenicol, VRBL, PCA, BEA VRBG and surface inoculation by spreading which took into account the E. coli Rapid 2 and Baird Parker media. . Also, the search for Salmonella was carried out in 4 stages. these are Pre-enrichment, enrichment, isolation and identification. Results: After various tests, different microbial spoilage flora were found in smoked fish sold in the different markets of Abidjan. These include fungal flora (yeasts/molds), mesophilic aerobic germs and enterobacteria. All samples from the study markets were contaminated with these different microflora. The CFU load/g for mesophilic aerobic germs ranged from 38.106 ± 12 to 65.106 ± 12 CFU/g. For fungal flora, loads ranged from 103 ± 11 to 284 ± 14 CFU/g. Enterobacteria loads ranged from 183± 10 to 418 ± 11 CFU/g. These smoked fish contain potentially pathogenic bacterial species including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with very high respective loads ranging from 51 ± 12 to 86 ± 12 CFU/g and from 125 ± 13 to 437 ± 13 CFU/g. These loads are not in conformity with the criteria set by the standard (10 CFU/g). The smoked fish samples studied contain several nutrients whose average levels vary from one sample to another. Thus, these smoked fish contain water, lipids, proteins and total ash with average values of 10.089 ± 0.11%, 11.24%, 77.5%, 5.255±0.0055 respectively.
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