In the present study, an alternative platform for trace copper ions (Cu(II)) determination using a diamond electrode in combination with a disposable paper‐based analytical device (d‐PAD) has been proposed. First, the complexation between Cu(II) and 1,10‐phenanthroline ligand was adsorptively accumulated onto a paper that is directly in contact with the diamond electrode and measured via square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the peak current was proportional to the concentration of Cu(II) in the range of 0.4–70 ng mL−1, and the detection limit was found to be 0.1 ng mL−1. Most importantly, this platform can be successfully applied to detect trace Cu(II) in different water samples (drinking water, tap water, groundwater and river water) with satisfactory results. Thus, the proposed d‐PAD could be a highly efficient platform for trace Cu(II) determination in environmental samples.
Background:
The demand for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices has rapidly grown
since they offer immediate test results with ease of use, makingthem suitable for home self-testing
patients and caretakers. However, the POCT development has faced the challenges of increased cost
and limited resources. Therefore, the paper substrate as a low-cost material has been employed to
develop a cost-effective POCT device, known as “Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices
(μPADs)”. This device is gaining attention as a promising tool for medicinal diagnostic applications
owing to its unique features of simple fabrication, low cost, enabling manipulation flow (capillarydriven flow), the ability to store reagents, and accommodating multistep assay requirements.
Objective:
This review comprehensively examines the fabrication methods and device designs
(2D/3D configuration) and their advantages and disadvantages, focusing on updated μPADs applications for motif identification.
Methods:
The evolution of paper-based devices, starting from the traditional devices of dipstick and
lateral flow assay (LFA) with μPADs, has been described. Patterned structure fabrication of each
technique has been compared among the equipment used, benefits, and drawbacks. Microfluidic device designs, including 2D and 3D configurations, have been introduced as well as their modifications. Various designs of μPADs have been integrated with many powerful detection methods such
as colorimetry, electrochemistry, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence, and
SER-based sensors for medicinal diagnosis applications.
Conclusion:
The μPADs potential to deal with commercialization in terms of the state-of-the-art of
μPADs in medicinal diagnosis has been discussed. A great prototype, which is currently in a reallife application breakthrough, has been updated.
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