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ZnO polycrystalline thin films and ZnO nanorod arrays were obtained by the spray pyrolysis method at a substrate temperature of 450 °C. By analyzing the XRD diffractograms, the hexagonal crystal structure of the ZnO films and ZnO nanorods was determined. On the other hand, the grain size of the films and nanorods was determined using the Debye-Scherrer equation. The optical properties of the films and nanorods were determined by measuring the dependence of the transmission on the wavelength of the light. Also, the optical band gap of 3.28 eV for the ZnO films and 3.21 eV for the ZnO nanorods was estimated. The photoconductivity spectrum of thin films and nanorods was recorded in the visible light range and their photoconductivity was studied when they were illuminated by X-rays, where the incident X-rays increase the conductivity of thin films of nanorods. The surface morphologies of the ZnO films and the ZnO nanorods, as well as the grain size of the film and the dimensions of the nanorods, were studied by a scanning electron microscope.