Gamma and neutron irradiation effect on sand and activated carbon were studied in this paper intensively and, were found from various studies to have strong correlation between neutron fluence or gamma energy on physical and mechanical damage of materials. Sand and activated carbon were irradiated with neutron at Reactor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) and gamma at Sinagamma Malaysia Nuclear Agency (Nuklear Malaysia). Morphological analysis was carried out on the irradiated elements using the SEM, XRD and SAXS which showed changes on the microstructure of irradiated samples. Irradiation of activated carbon showed increase in the numbers of pores while change of textural profile of the surface take place at gamma irradiated sand. XRD pattern graph did not indicate any changes, however the specific surface area for both irradiation materials decreased.
Abstract. Clean water production can be achieved by using common simple water filtration system that consists of an empty bottle and the filter elements such as cotton/coffee filter, sands, and gravels, which can be easily assembled and used. To reduce the time to get an acceptably clean water using the common water filtration, this paper will discuss on a solution to increase the filtration effectiveness of the filter elements by irradiating gossypium (or commonly known as cotton), and silica oxide which is the main composition material for sand and gravel from various scale based on the Wentworth scale. There were few studies regarding gamma and neutron irradiation of silica based materials that proves that gamma and neutron irradiation introduce defects, hence, we expect that it may lead to the formation of micropores and alter the water filtration effectiveness. It was established that higher amount of irradiation results in higher concentration of defects. This paper will firstly review literatures on the effect of gamma and neutron irradiation effect on filter elements such as sands and papers, and then develops a water quality index (WQI) that reflects the water appearance quality of the filtrated water. The WQI focuses on the physical appearance such as smells and color of the filtered water.
The hypothetical human exploration and inhabitation on Mars would certainly be difficult as the planet itself is vulnerable to the outer space radiation. The outer space radiation consists of the solar particle events (SPEs) that could easily penetrate the very thin atmospheric layers on Mars. Since sulfur concrete is identified as the feasible in situ building material on Mars, its radiation shielding capability is yet to be clarified. Here we report the preliminary radiation shielding properties of the Martian sulfur concrete composed of elemental sulfur and silica with the latter identified on Mars and incorporated by previous related studies upon irradiation with gamma rays generated from the Iridium-192. It is found that the Martian sulfur concrete demonstrated an approximately 50% efficiency upon irradiation. Martian sulfur concrete demonstrated a high potential in radiation shielding capability as well as the structural integrity post irradiation.
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