Pain is an unpleasant subjective experience. At present, clinicians are using self-report or pain scales to recognise and monitor pain in children. However, these techniques are not efficient to observe the pain in children having cognitive disorder and also require highly skilled observers to measure pain. Using these techniques it is also difficult to choose the analgesic drug dosages to the patients after surgery. Thus, this conceptual work explains the demand for automatic coding techniques to evaluate pain and also it documents some evidence of techniques that act as an alternative approach for objectively determining pain in children. In this review, some good indicators of pain in children are explained in detail; they are facial expressions from an RGB image, thermal image and also feature from well proven physiological signals such as electrocardiogram, skin conductance, body temperature, surgical pleth index, pupillary reflex dilation, analgesia nociception index, photoplethysmography, perfusion index etc.
Background Transgender community faces immense amount of adversities including less acceptance from family and friends, lack of employment opportunities, verbal and physical abuse, isolation and rejection. A lack of knowledge about the biology and health needs of transgender community and a generalized aversive attitude against them are a few reasons for this discrimination. In spite of their increased health needs, they face discrimination from health care professionals including dentists. Currently, there are no psychosocial tool for examining the knowledge,Objectives attitude, and perceptions of dentists towards transgender patients. Accordingly, a tool was developed and tested to provide an instrument for measuring the same. A thorough literature review and expert panel analysis of theMethods questions was done followed by pretesting of the tool. The responses were marked on a likert scale .Reliability and factor analysis were performed using SPSS software. The final factor analysis loaded as two factors with nine itemsResults which were defined as emotional and cognitive perception. The present item pool was named as dentist perception questionnaire which can be used to assess the perception of dentists towards transgender patients. Conclusions Although further testing and refinement is needed, this survey instrument provides an initial and conceptually unique tool for assessing the knowledge, attitude and perception of dentists towards transgender patients.
Background: Thirdhand smoke (THS) is a recently discovered health hazard which has become a public concern over the recent years due to its wide distribution in indoor environment and significant adverse biological and health ill effects. The “four R’s” that define the concept of THS include tobacco chemicals (some toxic) that remain, react, re-emit and/or are re-suspended long after active smoking ends. Harmful effects of active smoking and second-hand smoke were widely studied, however, only few studies were conducted on THS and its health effects. The aim of the study is to assess the beliefs about THS among the general population in Bangalore city, IndiaMethods: This cross-sectional study used a structured multiple-choice questionnaire which incorporated the participant’s characteristics and the beliefs about THS (BATHS) scale. A sample size of 206 participants was obtained after study duration of 2 months. One-way ANOVA, student T test, generalized linear model and Pearson’s correlation were used for statistical analysis in SPSS version 22 software.Results: The test results showed a significant association between age (in years), gender, highest level of education, and smoking status with overall mean BATHS scale and subscales score. Pearson correlation analysis revealed the BATHS scale and its subscales scores to be interdependent.Conclusions: Older participants, females, participants who had a high level of education, and non-smokers were found to have higher knowledge regarding THS and its impact on health and persistence in the environment.
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