BACKGROUNDAims and Objectives 1. To identify structural abnormalities in the brain associated with Epilepsy. 2. To study the spectrum of MRI findings in patients with Epilepsy. 3. To study the aetiological factors of Epilepsy. 4. To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of a standard MRI of the brain in children with epilepsy.
BACKGROUNDThe key element, iodine set the stage for all future developments in contrast material for radiographic imaging. From this stage, extensive development of the quality of contrast medium has grown immensely to the present stage of non-ionic contrast media which are considered to be safe. The aims of this study are-1. To study the efficacy of static MR urography in comparison with conventional urography. 2. To study the levels and causes of obstruction of urinary tract by MR urography and compare them with other investigation procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS120 patients who presented with clinical symptoms and signs pertaining to renal diseases and were positive on conventional MRI from Department of Radiodiagnosis, Osmania Medical College/ Hospital, Hyderabad, were selected for this study. This is an Institution-based cross-sectional study. MRU was performed on SIGNA HD 1.5 Tesla MRI, GE Healthcare (Milwaukee, USA). A body coil and commercially available software were used. SIGNA HD 1.5T is a diagnostic imaging device, which generates and displays transverse, sagittal, coronal and paraxial whole body images. Before performing MR urography, 3-plane localiser obtained in three planes was used to confirm optimum patient positioning; axial and coronal T2 weighted single shot FSE sequences of KUB region were taken, (TR 1615 msec, TE 88 msec, FOV 38 x 38, Matrix 256 x 256, NEX 0.56, TA 49 sec). The imaging method was based on the physical principle of magnetic resonance (MR). During the measurement, the patient was placed on the strong homogeneous magnetic field. The hydrogen nuclei (protons) distributed throughout the entire body tissue generate signals when stimulated by an RF field. These signals were processed into images by a computer. RESULTSIn our study, 3D respiratory triggered sequences 3D FR FSE (Fast Recovery Fast Spin Echo) sequence was used. It provides high signal intensity of fluid even with short repetition time. After signal decay at end of echo train, a negative 90 degree pulse align spins with long T2 from transverse plane to longitudinal plane leading to a much faster recovery of tissues with long T2 time to equilibrium and thus better contrast between tissues with long and short T2. A frequency-selective fat-saturation pulse was used to reduce signal from retroperitoneal fat. During a period of 3 years, a total of 120 patients formed the study group. This included 52 females (43%) and 68 males (57%). Most patients in this study group belonged to the 3 rd decade. Commonest complaint in this study was pain followed by dysuria. MR Urography images were of relatively good quality. Distension of urinary bladder aided in better visualisation of upper urinary tract. We had considerable difficulty in removal of overlying bowel from images of few patients. Renal sizes could be easily measured, renal contours were normal, no masses and other parenchymal abnormalities were seen. Calyceal, forniceal and infundibular anatomy was not seen with the same detail as with an IVU. Anatomy of retrop...
BACKGROUNDBronchiectasis is defined as a localised, irreversible dilatation of the bronchial tree. Bronchiectasis is a chronic and progressive lung disease and can lead to chronic respiratory failure. HRCT has emerged as the imaging modality of choice for evaluating suspected cases of bronchiectasis. HRCT is excellent in characterisation of the type of bronchiectasis and extent of lung involvement. AIMS 1. To study the role of HRCT in diagnosis of bronchiectasis. 2. To study regional distribution of bronchiectasis on HRCT. 3. To characterise bronchiectasis morphologically and to determine aetiologies of bronchiectasis wherever possible. MATERIAL AND METHODSA prospective study of 50 patients was done in the Department of Radiology and Imaging at Kakatiya Medical College and MGM General Hospital, Warangal. PATIENT SELECTIONPatients of all age groups were selected in whom clinically bronchiectasis was suspected. Ours was a random study for a period of three years and no specific criteria were laid down for patient selection. From May 2005 -April 2008, 50 patients clinically suspected to have bronchiectasis were subjected to chest radiograph and HRCT examination. RESULTSIn our study by co-relating HRCT findings and clinical history an accurate diagnosis was made in 46 cases, i.e. 76.6% which was confirmed by laboratory investigations. In our study 23 patients (46%) had pulmonary tuberculosis, in 8 patients (16%) no cause was found, 16 patients (32%) had history of recurrent childhood infections, 2 patients (4%) had bronchial asthma and COPD and 1 patient (2%) had allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. In this study incidence was common in the age group of 21-30 years and is more common in males than females. Bilateral involvement is more common than unilateral involvement. CONCLUSIONIn a given clinical setting suggestive of bronchiectasis, HRCT serves as the best modality in confirming the diagnosis of bronchiectasis. HRCT is definitely superior to chest radiographs in the detection of bronchiectasis.
BACKGROUNDTuberculosis (TB) of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is a common infection, especially in the underdeveloped and developing countries accounting for a major health problem. Its incidence is on rise in developed nations too with the emergence of AIDS. A common manifestation of CNS tuberculosis is leptomeningitis, while other manifestations of CNS-TB are focal parenchymal granulomas (eg: tuberculomas), tuberculous abscesses, tuberculous cerebritis and pachymeningitis.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To review the anatomy of sellar and parasellar regions. To review a systematic anatomic approach to differential diagnosis of a sellar or parasellar tumors. To correlate the diagnosis on magnetic resonance imaging with pathological DIAGNOSIS. MATERIALS AND METHODSA Prospective study of a total of 40 consecutive patients who were referred to the department of Radiodiagnosis, Osmania General Hospital from December 2010 and September 2012 were included in the study after informed consent. RESULTSMajority of patients were between 20 to 40 years. Male preponderance was seen (Males 26, females 14). Commonest tumor encountered in our study was pituitary adenoma (65%) among which macro adenomas constituted about 50% of the cases and 15% of cases were micro adenomas. Most of the functioning adenomas were seen in females -of which prolactinoma was the commonest. CONCLUSIONMR imaging is preferred over CT for the diagnosis of pituitary adenomas because it provides multiplanar high contrast images, higher definition of small sellar lesions (Microadenomas) of the pituitary and further it improves anatomical definition of the pituitary, optic chiasma compression, cavernous sinus invasion before surgery. It is also preferred for postsurgical surveillance. CT has a complementary role in delineating bony destruction and the visualization of calcification and preoperative planning. Coronal images are the best for anatomical details of this region.
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