Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering strategies have made remarkable progress in remodeling, replacing, and regenerating damaged cardiovascular tissues. The design of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with appropriate biochemical and mechanical characteristics is critical for engineering tissue-engineered replacements. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffolding structure characterized by tissue-specific biochemical, biophysical, and mechanical properties that modulates cellular behavior and activates highly regulated signaling pathways. In light of technological advancements, biomaterial-based scaffolds have been developed that better mimic physiological ECM properties, provide signaling cues that modulate cellular behavior, and form functional tissues and organs. In this review, we summarize the in vitro, pre-clinical, and clinical research models that have been employed in the design of ECM-based biomaterials for cardiovascular regenerative medicine. We highlight the research advancements in the incorporation of ECM components into biomaterial-based scaffolds, the engineering of increasingly complex structures using biofabrication and spatial patterning techniques, the regulation of ECMs on vascular differentiation and function, and the translation of ECM-based scaffolds for vascular graft applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges, future perspectives, and directions in the design of next-generation ECM-based biomaterials for cardiovascular tissue engineering and clinical translation.
Tissue adhesive has notable clinical benefits in hernia repair fixation. A novel poloxamine tissue adhesive was previously shown to successfully bond collagen tissue with adequate adhesive strength. In application related to attachment of polypropylene (PP) mesh, the adhesive strength between the mesh and poloxamine hydrogel adhesive is limited by the hydrophobicity of PP monofilaments and lack of covalent bond formation. The purpose of this study was to compare two different surface modifications [bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption and poly-glycidyl methacrylate/ human serum albumin (PGMA/HSA) grafting] of PP mesh for improving the adhesive strength between poloxamine hydrogel adhesive and PP mesh. The PGMA/HSA surface modification significantly improved the adhesive strength for meshes attached with poloxamine hydrogel tissue adhesive compared with unmodified meshes and meshes modified by BSA adsorption. An area of 1 cm 2 adhesive provided for a maximum adhesive strength of 65-70 kPa for meshes modified by PGMA/HSA, 4-13 kPa for meshes modified by BSA, and 22-45 kPa for unmodified meshes. Optical microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the improved adhesive strength was achieved through mechanical interlock of the hydrogel tissue adhesive into the PP mesh pores and chemical bonding of the albumin after successful PGMA/HSA grafting onto the PP monofilaments.How to cite this article: Lu X, Khanna A, Luzinov I, Nagatomi J, Harman M. 2019. Surface modification of polypropylene surgical meshes for improving adhesion with poloxamine hydrogel adhesive. J Biomed Mater Res
A major challenge in engineering scalable three-dimensional tissues is the generation of a functional and developed microvascular network for adequate perfusion of oxygen and growth factors. Current biological approaches to creating vascularized tissues include the use of vascular cells, soluble factors, and instructive biomaterials. Angiogenesis and the subsequent generation of a functional vascular bed within engineered tissues has gained attention and is actively being studied through combinations of physical and chemical signals, specifically through the presentation of topographical growth factor signals. The spatiotemporal control of angiogenic signals can generate vascular networks in large and dense engineered tissues. This review highlights the developments and studies in the spatiotemporal control of these biological approaches through the coordinated orchestration of angiogenic factors, differentiation of vascular cells, and microfabrication of complex vascular networks. Fabrication strategies to achieve spatiotemporal control of vascularization involves the incorporation or encapsulation of growth factors, topographical engineering approaches, and 3D bioprinting techniques. In this article, we highlight the vascularization of engineered tissues, with a focus on vascularized cardiac patches that are clinically scalable for myocardial repair. Finally, we discuss the present challenges for successful clinical translation of engineered tissues and biomaterials.
Background:The neural representation of different speech stimuli (phonemes) can be measured at the cortex using electrophysiological techniques, a procedure called speech-evoked cortical potentials. Each phoneme produces cortical potentials with different temporal and spectral properties. Latency and amplitude measures reflect changes in the way different phonemes are neurally represented, so these measures are expected to change with maturation of the system, that is with age. The aim of the present study to investigate whether there were differences in latency and amplitude between children and adults in response to the three phonemes /m/, /g/, and /t/.Material and methods: Exactly 10 normal-hearing children of age 5-7 years and 10 normal-hearing adults of age 17-24 years were recruited. Speech-evoked cortical potential were recorded using the HEARLab (v.1.0) auditory evoked potential system. Non-parametric statistics were used to compare both groups.Results: Mann-Whitney U-tests shows statistically significant differences between children and adults for both the latency and amplitude of wave P1 and N1 at the 0.05 level. At the same time, there were no significant differences between /m/, /g/, and /t/ for children and adults at the same level when a Kruskal-Wallis test was applied. Conclusions:The present study shows there are differences between children and adults in terms of the latency and amplitude of their cortical potential responses, but the particular phoneme used does not appear to make a difference.
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