This article presents a comprehensive examination of the physical and mechanical properties of cover soils characteristic of the landslide slopes of Ak Kain, Kok Tobe, and Shym Bulak of the Trans-Ili Alatau, which are located in close proximity to the borders and in the city of Almaty itself. By analyzing previous known landslides in the region, and of a similar type in some countries, the authors identify three main reasons for the occurrence of a landslide on these mountain slopes. These include the water saturation of slope cover soils absorbed during spring rainfall, as well as technogenic and gravitational reasons. The authors conclude that landslides are often caused by soil water saturation. Therefore, it is proposed to consider slope soils as a two-phase medium. The algorithm for determining the physical and mechanical properties of two-phase soil is generalized, and specific calculations are performed based on the considered methods and algorithms. The results obtained for some types of loose soils, such as sandy loam, loam and clay varieties, are given in a systematic form in the tables, which are necessary for an extensive study of the mechanisms of occurrence of landslide processes in water-saturated soils of these slopes through stress-strain state determination.
The purpose of this article is to present the developed methodology, a brief algorithm of mechanical-and-mathematical modeling to investigate the causes and mechanism of soil disruption from the hillsides and the results of its use for restoring the pre-landslide stress state using the example of one of the tragic landslides. The numerical finite element algorithm of studying the stress–strain state (SSS) of soil deposits of slopes of the inclined-layered structure is briefly described, with specific features of the use of isoparametric elements of the quadrangular shape with four nodes of arbitrary shape. For detailed studying the SSS, the cover soils of the steep slope of the inclined-layered structure, in height from the arch to the foot, are conventionally divided into three zones, each of which has layered structures. Studies of the geometry of its area and the angle of inclination of the slope showed that the two-layer structure of its original structure made a curved path repeating the outline of the gorge. The finite element method helped to model the soil deposits of the slope with the granite-basalt rock as close as possible to the landslide initial shape. The proposed methodology, the mechanical-mathematical model, algorithms and calculation examples allow predicting the possible occurrence of landslides on other countless hillsides of the Northern Tien Shan by determining stress concentration zones.
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