Stent patients had significantly lower acute complications compared with surgery patients or BA patients, although they were more likely to require a planned reintervention. At short-term and intermediate follow-up, stent and surgical patients achieved superior hemodynamic and integrated aortic arch imaging outcomes compared with BA patients. Because of the nonrandomized nature of this study, these results should be interpreted with caution.

The new 4.1-Fr lumenless lead shows similar performance indices to established leads even at APS, yet is thinner and achieves APS with technical ease, permitting more efficient chronic pacing in children and all patients with CHD.

Objective Comparison of outcomes using bare metal (BMS) and drug‐eluting (DES) stents in pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS). Background PVS is a serious condition with frequent restenosis after surgical and percutaneous interventions. After experiencing encouraging results with DES, we sought to compare outcomes of BMS and DES in native and post‐surgical PVS. Methods and Results A retrospective review of all patients who underwent stent implantation between 08/93 and 11/17 for PVS at Texas Children's Hospital was performed. BMS were used to treat 58 lesions in 37 patients and 105 DES used to treat 105 lesions in 41 patients. Mean age at first stent implant was 2.9 ± 3.5 years in BMS and 16.2 ± 18.8 months in DES group. Of those with follow‐up catheterization, mean lumen loss rate from stent implant to first follow‐up catheterization was 0.85 ± 1.47 mm/month over 6.4 ± 6.4 months in the BMS group (n = 44 lesions) compared to 0.16 ± 0.31 mm/month over 6.8 ± 7.4 months in the DES group (n = 86 lesions), p < .01. Follow‐up for the BMS group was 14 months (6 days–22.3 years), with 13 mortalities, eight lesions were re‐stented and six complete occlusions were noted. Follow‐up for DES group (including four cross‐overs) was 17.5 months (3 days‐9 years), with 10 mortalities, seven lesions were re‐stented, 11 had complete occlusion, 20 new adjacent lesions in the same vessel underwent stenting and 12 stents were intentionally fractured. Conclusion DES have significantly lowered lumen loss rate when compared to BMS at medium term follow‐up and can be fractured to enable larger diameters. Availability of larger diameter DES would be ideal.