Spent Coffee Ground (SCG) is characterized by high organic content, in the form of insoluble polysaccharides bound and phenol compounds. Phenol compounds are toxic to nature and are a cause of environmental pollution. Composting method of this study is aerobic static batch composting with temperature control with adding activators of some fungi such as Aspergillus sp, and Penicillium sp. The purpose of the research is to fill the research gap from previous studies of spent coffee grounds compost, which requires a long time in composting, so that if it is used directly on the soil and plants, the positive effect also requires a long time. The result of composting for 28 days with this method is that mature compost has black crumb and normal pH, with characteristics of C/N ratio below 10: C1 (7.06), C2 (6.99). This value is far from the control with a C/N ratio of 8.33. Decompose rate of macromolecule are above 40% for lignin and 70% for cellulose. Implementation of compost in radish plants, resulting Germination Index above 80% which indicates that the compost is ripe: control (92.39%), C1 (183.88%), C2 (191.86%). The results of the analysis with FTIR also showed that the compost was mature and stable, and rich in minerals. So, it can be concluded that this composting method can speed up composting time and optimize the results of compost produced.

The aim for this research is to make black compost from spent coffee grounds (SCG). The content of hemicellulose and lignin from SCG were 37.28% and 22.45%. For mineral content, Potassium (3 g/kg) is the most abundant element in spent coffee ground, followed by calcium (1.23 g/kg), magnesium (1.11 g/kg), phosphorus (0.89 g/kg) and natrium (0.7 g/kg). SCG also contains Carbon and Nitrogen ratios 1:19.5 which approaches the C / N ratio of the soil 1: 20. Composting process in aerobic condition for 2 months using Fungi, Bacillus and Lactic Acid Bacteria activator, produce black compost with good characteristic for plant and soil, such as C/N ratio under 1:10 and pH around 6 to 9.

Coffee beans produced by Indonesian farmers are known as "asalan" (unfermented) coffee and has a bad taste. The aims of this research to increase quality of Robusta coffee bean with fermentation using kefir starter. It is one of processing methods of coffee by soaking the coffee beans and then adding starter kefir 1 : 2 : 3% and lactose 1 : 3%. Fermentation time is 12 hours with temperature 28 0 C. Based on data of total calculation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), it was known that all coffee samples had increased. Scores of pH coffee beans were 5.7; 5.6; 5.5; 5.4. The final scores of cuptest of coffee were respectively 81.08; 81.83; 77.33; 78; 80.25; 80.50; 78.33; 79.67. Total flavor components of Robusta coffee were 73 components for control/unfermented, A1B2 sample of 82 components, and A2B1 sample of 66 components. Fermentation process of Robusta coffee beans with kefir and lactose has a real effect on the quality of coffee produced. There were 4 coffee samples which received specialty coffee, sample A1B1 with score of 81.08, sample A1B2 with score of 81.83, sample A3B1 with score of 80.25, and sample A3B2 with score of 80.50.

Livestock wastewater is mainly treated with activated sludge, but ions such as phosphorus, potassium, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate remain in the effluent. In this study, the effects of residual ions on phosphorus recovery using the magnesium potassium phosphate crystallization method were investigated when magnesium was added to increase the pH. If co-existing ions affect the products, the phosphorus to potassium molar ratio (K/P ratio) of the precipitate will deviate from being equimolar. Artificial wastewater test solutions containing 5.6 -20.3 mM ammonium, 25.6 mM potassium, 6.5 mM phosphorus, 0 -7.35 mM nitrate, and 0 -3.06 mM sulfate were used. First, the optimum operating pH and amount of magnesium added to give a high phosphorus removal rate and recovery rate were determined. The experimental setup was a 10 L aerated and stirred reactor, and a 5 L settling tank. The K/P ratio in precipitate was approximately 1 using the optimum conditions. Continuous 2 h treatment allowed a white precipitate containing about 30 g of needle-like crystals to be obtained. Next, the effects of varying the ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate ion concentrations in the artificial effluent were investigated. Ammonium and sulfate ion concentrations of 8 mM or more and 3 mM or more, respectively, caused the K/P ratio to decrease to about 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. Varying the nitrate concentration did not affect the K/P ratio, even at a nitrate concentration of 7.35 mM.