Background and Aim: In Egypt, there is a scarcity of recent data on trichinellosis in pigs and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the epidemiological profile and risk factors associated with Trichinella spiralis infection as well as to assess the effectiveness of the trichinoscope and digestion technique in diagnosing trichinellosis. Materials and Methods: Data were collected on 33812 pigs slaughtered during a year at the Al-Basateen abattoir, Cairo Governorate, Egypt. The slaughtered pigs had already been examined by trichinoscope in the abattoir. The diagnostic effectiveness technique was randomly conducted on 170 pork muscle samples, which were examined using the digestion technique. Furthermore, 90 serum samples from high-risk individuals in Qena and Sohag Governorates, Upper Egypt, were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The investigation revealed that the overall prevalence was 1.06% in pigs by trichinoscope. Of the examined 170 samples, 2.35% and 3.35% were found to harbor Trichinella by trichinoscope and artificial digestion, respectively. Trichinella was identified as T. spiralis using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A significant relationship was affirmed between the prevalence of trichinellosis and the sex and age of the examined pigs. Likewise, for the first time, there was a considerable seasonal trend in the prevalence of Trichinella with the maximum infection, which was observed during Autumn (1.18%). The prevalence of trichinellosis in humans was 10%, with a significant association with age. Conclusion: Our findings are intended to serve as a starting point for developing effective preventive and control measures for trichinellosis (as application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) in pig farms, stop feeding pigs on garbage as well as, preventing illegal slaughter of pigs outside the slaughterhouses). It also fortifies the establishment of the digestion technique because of its high specificity and sensitivity, although it is difficult to apply to a large number of samples.
Background: Campylobacter species is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the most common causes of bacterial foodborne illnesses. Objective: To investigate the surveillance and differences in antibiotic drug resistance, in addition to tetracycline resistance genes and virulence factors in C. jejuni isolated from both some poultry species and humans. Materials and Methods: A total of 600 samples were collected from poultry species and humans, investigated by bacteriological and biochemical methods, C.jejuni were confirmed by mapA gene using PCR. Antibiotic resistance was assessed and 108 C.jejuni strains were tested for detection of tetO and tetA, and 6 virulence genes; flaA, virB11, cdt, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC. Results: Our results revealed that the occurrence of C. jejuni was 23.67%, identified as 20.21 and 37.5 % in the examined poultry and human samples, respectively. The evaluation of phenotypic resistance revealed that C.jejuni isolates had high resistance rates to ampicillin, erythromycin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, azithromycin, and tetracycline 81. 69, 79.58, 77.46, 76.76, 76.06 and76.06%, respectively. The results of the molecular technique detected that antimicrobial resistance genes in C. jejuni were tetO and tetA 27.78 and 100%, respectively. All isolates of C.jejuni in poultry and humans possessed virulence genes involved in cytotoxin production (cdt, cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC). The genes involved in invasion (virB11) and Motility, adherence colonization (flaA) were also widely dispersed between humans and poultry with the following percentages of 74.07 and 64.81% for virB11 and flaA, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided an overview of antimicrobial resistance, the presence of tetracycline resistance, and virulence genes of C.jejuni isolates in poultry and human, which highlights the possible risk to consumer health in Egypt.
Live bird markets increase the risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. Few studies have investigated the potential zoonotic transmission of Campylobacter in Egypt. Therefore, our study was carried out to investigate the presence of Campylobacter species, mainly Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli), in pigeons and turkeys sold at poultry shops. Furthermore, the study aimed to explore the potential occupational risk of Campylobacter infection, mainly among workers at poultry shops. Six hundred (n = 600) samples from various organs were obtained from pigeons and turkeys from live bird shops in the Giza and Asyut provinces in Egypt. Additionally, 100 stool samples were collected from persons working at poultry shops. Circulation of thermophilic Campylobacter in pigeons, turkeys, and humans was investigated based on culture and molecular methods. The rate of detection of Campylobacter species from the samples was significant when the culture method was used alone in comparison to when it was used in combination with mPCR. The prevalence rates of Campylobacter species detected by mPCR were 36% (C. jejuni 20%; C. coli 16%), 28% (C. jejuni 12%; C. coli16%), and 29% (C. jejuni 15%; C. coli 14%) in pigeons, turkeys, and workers, respectively. In pigeons, significant variations in the C. jejuni and C. coli occurrence rates were reported in terms of the intestinal content (15, 4%), liver (4, 13%), and skin (9, 7%), respectively. In turkeys, Campylobacter species were mostly detected in liver samples with a percentage of 19%, followed by the skin (12%), and the intestinal content (8%). In conclusion, Campylobacter species are circulating in poultry farms in Egypt and could represent a hazard for humans. It is recommended that biosecurity measures should be applied to mitigate the occurrence of Campylobacter in poultry farms. Moreover, there is an urgent need to transform live bird markets into chilled poultry markets.
Background: Intestinal nematode parasites of equines have emerged as a pressing and urgent challenge due to their significant impact on the health and performance of these animals worldwide; therefore, implementing a deworming regimen has become vital to keeping a horse's parasite load at an acceptable level. Thus, the current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of nematodes infection , associated risk factors and evaluate the chemotherapeutic efficacy of different anthelmintic drugs by enrolling 195 fecal matter samples of working equines using flotation concentration techniques. Equines treatment were divided into four groups; Group 1 standard treatment (Albendazole orally), Group 2 intervention treatment (Doramectin injection), Group 3 intervention treatment (combination of Albendazole and Doramectin), and Group 4 was left untreated as a positive control. Results: The overall prevalence of intestinal nematode parasites in working equines was 70.25%. The recovered nematodes were Strongylus species, with 87.17% followed by Parascaris equorum 30.76%, and Oxyuris equi was 12.82%. Concerning treatment efficacy, the highest cure rate was among Group 3 (77.14%), followed by Group 2 (68.57%) and Group 1 (40%), but the difference between Groups 2 and 3 is statistically insignificant. Interestingly, the effect of Doramectin injection is highly significant than other, especially for the reduction of Strongylus spp. and Parascaris equorum eggs according to Cohen's D test. Conclusions: Translating such a potent combination of drugs into endemic areas will provide significant support for deworming and control programs against intestinal parasites of equines, especially those in the migratory phase, more than Albendazole alone, which has poor absorption as it requires a full stomach during administration.
The genus Campylobacter is one of great importance to public health because it includes several species that may cause diarrhea. Poultry and poultry products are known as important sources of human campylobacteriosis. 225 samples were collected from (75) chickens including intestinal content (75), liver (75) and skin (75). The overall occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chicken by PCR were (5.3% & 17.8%). Multiplex PCR targeting 23S rRNA specific for genus Campylobacter, hip O gene specific for C. jejuni and glyA gene specific for C. coli was used for the confirmation of phenotypically identified C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. It is concluded that PCR was determined to be more specific and rapid than biochemical tests.
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