Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is the highest widespread, tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever that affect humans. This virus is endemic in many areas in the world, such as Africa, Asia, and Europe. Nowadays, the incidence of CCHF is increasing rapidly in several countries of the middle-east, with several outbreaks and sporadic cases in human of CCHF, that are reported in several countries in this region.

Background: Patients in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were considered immunocompromised, especially those on hemodialysis (HD) procedure which seemed to produce alterations of the immune status. BK polyomavirus (BKV) was found to be an aggravating factor of renal failure, and interest in immunosuppression has increased due to BKV infection.Objective:This study aimed to investigate thepossible association between BKV with ESRD with and without dialysis. Subjects and Methods:A case-control study included 150 serum samples collected from 50 patient with ESRD on dialysis,50 without dialysisand50 apparently normal subjects with normal renal function as control.Quantitative Real time PCR(RT-PCR) was done for detection of BKV viral load.Results: twenty (40%) out of the 50 dialysis patients were positive for BKV by RT-PCR and, eight (16%) were positivein patients without dialysis, while none of the controls was positive. There were highly significant differences (p<0.001)on comparing between the mean viral load in patients who had dialysis was 2.16X10 5 copies/ml of BK viralDNA, and those without dialysis1 22X10 3 copies/ml of BK viralDNA. Conclusion:These results strongly indicated the role of BKV infection (quantitatively and qualitatively) in ESRD particularly in patients with dialysis; this put dialysis as a potential risk factor for BKV infection in those patients.

Background: BK virus, a human polyomavirus, causes nephropathy and allograft loss in renal transplant recipients. Although it was discovered in 1971, understanding of the humoral immune response to BKV is limitedز Objective: To serological detection and level estimation of anti-BK-IgG in renal-transplanted recipients and healthy blood donors as control. Patients and Methods: Serum samples were collected from 106 renal transplant recipient patients and 100 healthy blood donors as control groups, and were analyzed for anti-BK IgG antibodies by using quantitative and qualitative Human BK Virus IgG (BK-IgG) ELISA kit for detection and estimation positivity of BK_IgG and titration. Results: Out of 206 subjects, 114(55.3%) have a positive result for BK-IgG. seropositivity was detected in 54(50.9%) of 106 RTR patients and 60 (60.0%) in the 100 control group, so there was no significant difference between seropositivity of BKV IgG antibody among the studied groups, p =0.191. Conclusion: The highly significant differences between seropositivity of BK-IgG with high levels of serum creatinine. Keywords: Prevalence, Anti-BK IgG antibodies, and Renal transplanted recipients

Background:In 2007, two novel human polyomaviruses were reported, the Karolinska Institute polyomavirus (KI) and the Washington University polyomavirus (WU), both were discovered in respiratory tract samples from individuals with acute respiratory tract infections, and they were categorized among Polyomaviridae family. Both viruses were detected in specimens from patients with respiratory tract disease on all continents suggesting a worldwide distribution. Serological studies have shown that similarly to BK and JC, infection with the new polyomaviruses KI, WU is common in the general population. Primary infection probably occurs early in childhood, as suggested by the seroprevalence in young people (<21 years of age), which is similar to that of adults. KI and WU polyomaviruses have been detected in respiratory samples from children and adult patients with acute respiratory symptoms from around the world. And some studies also found that there is a relationship between these two viruses and some other diseases.

Background: Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL)of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)patients have a property of phenotypic and functional activation. Glutathione S- transferase pi (GSTπ) has been implicated in playing an important role in the initiation and progression of cellular activation.Objectives: To determine the percentage of cellular expression of GSTπ in the lymphocytes of RA patients in comparison with controls and to explore the relation between its cellular expression and disease activity pattern.Patients and Methods: This prospective study included46 RA patients and 17 healthy controls. Blood samples were taken and from all subjects PBL were isolated and then smeared on slides. The cellular reactivity for GSTπ was determined by immunocytochemistry technique.Results: This study found lower expression of GSTπ in the RA patients with a statistical significant difference with control group, while no statistical difference was found in RA with high and minimum disease activity groups. No correlation was observed between GSTπ with Disease Activity Score (DAS).Conclusion: Although the decrease in the expression of GSTπ in PBLs was pronounced in RA patients, however it doesn’t correlate with disease activity state.