Background & aims Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a common medical emergency that results in high patient morbidity and mortality. There are numerous causes of UGIB. The aim of our study was to evaluate the endoscopic findings in patients of UGIB in this part of the world. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology Nishtar Medical University & Hospital Multan from June 2018 to March 2019. Record of all patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) for evaluation of UGIB was reviewed. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Results Record of 730 (464 male and 266 females) patients undergoing EGD for UGIB was reviewed. Mean age of study population was 49.38 years with standard deviation of 14.86 years. Age of the youngest patient was 14 years while the oldest patient was 99 years of age. More than half of the patients (53%) belonged to the 41-60 years age group. The most common endoscopic finding was esophageal varices in 371 (50.8%) patients, followed by gastropathy (114, 15.6%), gastritis (68, 9.3%), cardio-fundal varices (58, 7.9%) and duodenal ulcer (26, 3.6%). Esophageal varices, gastritis, duodenal ulcers and gastric carcinomas were more likely to be found in male UGIB patients as compared to female patients (p = 0.039). Gastropathy, esophageal ulcer and gastric ulcer were more likely to be found in female UGIB patients. Esophageal varices and cardio-fundal varices were more likely to be found in UGIB patients from middle age group (p = 0.000). Whereas gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric erosions and duodenitis were more likely to be found in older (>60 years) UGIB patients (p = 0.000). Conclusion UGIB was more likely to occur in male gender. In our study, bleeding from esophageal varices was the most important cause of UGIB in this part of the world and bleeding from duodenal ulcer was quite uncommon as compared to the western world. Variceal bleeding had a significant association with male gender and middle age group patients. While duodenal ulcer bleed had a significant association with older age.
Objectives: To study the association of waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) with hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: The anthropometric measures of patients were recorded in the Diabetic Outdoor of Nishtar Hospital Multan from 2013 to 2018 after taking approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee. All patients were evaluated in detail after obtaining informed consent. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results: Data of 4556 type 2 DM patients, 2549 (55.9%) females, and 2007 (44.1%) males, was analyzed. Mean age of the study population was 47.72 years. Mean age of females was 47.32 years, while of males was 48.23 years. A total of 3393 (74.5%) of the patients had hypertension, 1912 females and 1481 males. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 130.84 mmHg, while the mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 82.65 mmHg. Mean WC was 102.85 cm. Mean hip circumference was 100.33 cm. Mean weight was 66.93 kg. Mean height was 1.59 m. Mean WHR was 1.02. Mean BMI was 26.37 kg/m2. Obesity (BMI >27 kg/m2) was found in 1,891 (41.5%) of patients. Central obesity was found in 80.7% and 94.7% of type 2 DM patients according to the WC and WHR cutoff, respectively. Hypertension was significantly associated with all the obesity indicators (p<0.001). Type 2 DM patients with a high WHR were more likely to be hypertensive as compared to those with normal WHR (75% versus 65%, odds ratio (OR) 1.6, p<0.001). A higher than normal WC was also significantly associated with hypertension (79% versus 56%, OR 2.9, p<0.001). Similarly, obese type 2 DM patients with a BMI >27 kg/m2 were more likely to be hypertensive as compared to those with a normal range (18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2) BMI (83.1% versus 64.4%, OR 2.7, p<0.001). Conclusion: Diabetes is more prevalent in females and middle-aged people. Hypertension and obesity are two very common comorbidities of diabetes. Hypertension is strongly associated with all the parameters (WC, WHR, and BMI) of obesity.
Background & AimIt is of great importance to carefully choose appropriate donors according to strict eligibility criteria, so as to guarantee an adequate and safe blood supply. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of deferral in blood donors and evaluate the different causes of deferral in Multan. Materials & MethodsThis prospective study was carried out at the Blood Bank of Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Multan. All donors who came for the donation of blood from 1st February to 30th September 2019 were evaluated after taking their consent. The data was analyzed to determine the frequency and causes of deferral using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. ResultsAmong 3348 individuals presenting for blood donation, 433 (12.9%) were deferred (427 males and only six females). The mean age of deferred individuals was 28.96 + 6.42 years. The youngest individual was 18 years, while the eldest one was 51 years of age. Almost 65% of the individuals were less than 30 years of age. The most frequent cause of deferral was low hemoglobin. Anemia was the leading cause of deferral in more than half of the individuals (n = 221). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was the second most frequent cause of deferral, seen in 83 (19.2%), followed by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (n = 49, 11.3%), syphilis (n = 36, 8.3%), thrombocytopenia (n = 18, 4.2%), and active infection (n = 14, 3.2%). Other rarer causes included early donation, thrombocytosis, polycythemia, pancytopenia, malaria, allergies, insulin, and tuberculosis.
Objective The objective of this study was to analyze the demographic profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Methods This descriptive study was carried out at the Diabetic Outdoor Nishtar Hospital Multan from 2013 to 2018 after taking approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Committee. All patients were evaluated in detail after obtaining informed consent. Results Data of 4,556 patients with type 2 DM were analyzed. There were 2549 (55.9%) female and 2007 (44.1%) male participants in our study. The mean age of our study population was 47.72 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 10.82 years. Seventy-nine percent of the patients belonged to urban areas. Symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia were found in 72%, 67%, and 59% of patients, respectively. Hypertension was found in 3391 (74%) patients. The mean waist circumference (WC) was 102.85 cm with an SD of 18.14 cm. The mean waist to hip ratio (WHR) was 1.02 with an SD of 0.102. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.50 with an SD of 5.57 kg/m 2 . Obesity (BMI >27 kg/m 2 ) was found in 1,891 (41.5%) of patients. Central obesity was found in 80.7% and 94.7% of type 2 DM patients according to the WC and WHR cutoff, respectively. Females were more likely to be obese than males in all parameters of obesity. Central obesity was much more common in female diabetics as compared to male diabetics (odds ratio 4 in WHR criteria versus odds ratio 1.8 in BMI criteria for obese). Conclusion Diabetes is more prevalent in females than males and especially affects the middle age group. Hypertension and obesity are important comorbid associations of DM. WC and WHR are more reliable indicators of obesity in type 2 DM patients especially in this part of the world. Central obesity was more prevalent in female type 2 DM patients.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.