Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd: YAG) laser is a non-invasive and effective means to deal with posterior capsule opacification. Although it is safe, it may have some complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in terms of visual outcomes. MethodologyThis retrospective study was carried out at the eye department of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Lyari and Sindh Government Lyari General Hospital, Karachi, by using a convenient sampling technique. The duration of the study was six months from 1 st January 2020 to 30 th June 2020. 50 eyes of patients older than 20 years of age of either gender with posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery for more than 6 months of duration, capsular fibrosis, and visual distortion due to wrinkling were included in the study. ResultsOur results show that in a total of 50 patients, the mean age was 59.08±5.84 years, of which, 20 (40%) were males. Out of 50 patients, 22 right while 28 left eyes were selected for Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy. None of the patients showed elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) after the 1 st week. Mean IOP was 16.84±3.63 mm of Hg on the 1 st day and mean IOP after 1 st week was 12.48±2.01 mm of Hg. Iritis was observed in 5 (10.0%) patients on the 1 st day and 4 (8.0%) patients on the 1 st week. Raised IOP was observed in 10 (20.0%) cases whereas cystoid macular edema was observed in only 1 (2%) patients on the 1 st day and 1 st week after laser therapy. ConclusionThe study predicted that Nd: Yag laser posterior capsulotomy gives excellent results in terms of visual acuity. Complications that were associated with the Nd: Yag laser capsulotomy was a rise in intraocular pressure, cystoid macular edema, iritis, and IOL pitting.
Introduction: Autonomic nuclei affection results in variations in hemodynamics, temperature, sweating and ECG. Medullary strokes are challenging in their presentation, bizarre clinical signs, work and neurological outcome. The commonest cause is infarction of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Anatomical areas affected include the inferior cerebellar peduncle, dorsolateral medulla, nuclei of the Trigeminal, vestibular nuclei, Ninth and Vagus nerves. The descending sympathetic tracts and spin thalamic tracts. Serious cardiopulmonary events can complicate 11% of cases. Case Presentation: A middle-aged female developed sub-acute dizziness associated with vomiting and right head pains. She was unable to walk but remained cognitively clear. Her gastrointestinal symptoms were disabling and this was the main factor for presenting to the emergency room. The risk factors included hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Imaging studies were essential for posterior circulation stroke diagnosis and follow-up. She manifested remarkable autonomic features regarding the skin and hemodynamics. Nevertheless, the hospital course was controllable. Discussion: This case report was consistent with relevant literature in the contra lateral vaso motor changes and drop in body temperature during the acute phase. Moreover, our patient developed clinical and radiological extension through double antiplatelets. Superiority of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in this patient enabled better diagnostic accuracy in a brainstem stroke. Conclusion: The autonomic features, in this case, represent major symptomatology and clinical signs. The variation in the hemodynamics and persistence of symptoms is thought provoking. This increases the awareness of emergency doctors for acute stroke presenting with autonomic features will enable early detection and helps outcome.
Objective: To determine the frequency of factors responsible for diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the department of Ophthalmology at Indus Medical College Tando Muhammad Khan from January 2021 to June 2021. Patients having type II diabetes mellitus, aged > 40 years, presenting with diabetic retinopathy of either gender were included. After dilating the eye with a 1% tropicamide eye drop, skilled and experienced ophthalmologists diagnosed diabetic retinopathy by using the 90 diopter Volk lens and a slit lamp biomicroscope. A 5 mL blood sample was obtained and sent to the diagnostic laboratory to assess the random blood sugar (RBS) and HBA1c. All the data was collected by using the study proforma and SPSS version 26 was used for the data analysis. Results: A total of 66 patients with diabetic retinopathy were evacuated regarding risk factors. Most of the patients (68.2%) were old. Males were in the majority 75.8%, and females were 24.2%. Out of all, 56.1% patients were poor socioeconomically, while 65.2% were smokers. Half of the patients had microalbuminuria and 68.2% of the cases had HBA1c > 7, while 22.7% of the cases were hypertensive. Most of the cases (66.7%) had a duration of diabetes of more than 10 years. Conclusion: We concluded in this study that age greater than 60 years, low socioeconomic status, smoking, diabetes duration greater than 10 years, HBA1c greater than 7, and microalbuminuria were found to be significant prognostic factors for diabetic retinopathy. As per several study limitations, further large-scale case control studies on particular risk factors are recommended. Keywords: Prognostic factors, prevalence, diabetic retinopathy, type II DM
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