English and Urdu languages are used in Pakistan as official languages for spoken and written communication. In the education system of Pakistan, a linguistic divide exists, and it divided the Pakistani education system into two streams known as English medium and Urdu medium. In Pakistan, Government schools, colleges, and universities are Urdu medium and offer very low-price education to the poorer and middle-class communities whereas English medium schools, colleges, and Universities are owned by private organizations and offer education to economically well-off societies. The said disparity in the education system created self-identities and linguistic capital. Qualitative methodology and thematic data analysis techniques were used to prepare proper report findings to comprehend how scholars’ experiment and make their own opinions keeping in mind the past and present situations of education viz-a-viz social impact of English language learning. In this study, it is also recommended how inequalities and language discrimination can be removed in the government language policies. Keywords: English, Urdu, English-Urdu divide, English learning, Language challenges.

The scope, nature, significance, and causes of code mixing in Pakistani Post-Colonial novels are discussed in the current study. It highlights the conceptual frameworks created by Kachru (1983) and the Modiano’s model of English (1999). The Heart Divided written by Mumyaz Shah Nawaz, Bitter Gourd written by Talat Abbasi, My Feudal Lord written by Tehmina Durrani, Burnt Shadows written by Kamila Shamsie, and The Triple Mirror of the Self written by Zulifkar Ghose were five post-colonial novels of Pakistani English authors that were chosen as a sample for this study. The features of post-colonialism in these works have been examined by the authors. Code mixing of a relatively larger extent has been discovered in English novels written by Pakistani authors in this research. The authors of these novels haven’t denigrated native dialects; instead, they’ve emphasized the significance of Pakistani English, since the English language occasionally falls short of meeting locals' communication needs. These translations into other native languages are made to fill in the vocabulary spaces of the ideological concepts that cannot be expressed in English. These borrowings are not intended to portray the code-mixing English as a poor variant. We draw the conclusion that the usage of local words has brought attention to the value of local languages and raised concerns about the lingua franca. Keywords: Code Mixing, Corpus Based Analysis, Pakistani English Novels, Post-Colonial Novels

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Learning a new language is tricky, challenging, annoying, and sometimes just downright difficult. Languages play a vital role in the development of a nation and are also significant in their way. Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, and English languages are the most spoken languages in the Punjab, Pakistan and at the Higher Education level, students also learn these languages. The aim and objective of this paper are to explore the major factors influencing the learning of Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, and English; and finally, their influence on the whole procedure of language knowledge. In this paper, a language learning model for the learning of Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, and English was prepared, the study applied a mentalist and quantitative approach by using a questionnaire. A survey was designed keeping in view literature and based on experts' opinions. Nine very important hypotheses were developed that affect the learning of languages. The sample size of the data was 168, IBM SPSS and SmartPLS tools were used for reliability and validity, descriptive, T-test, and Regression analysis. Results show that 82.7% of participants stated that Country of residence is the major factor in the learning of language followed by Prior Linguistic Knowledge and Age has the same value i.e., 80.95%. Keywords: Influencing factors, Comparison Study, Linguistic, SPSS, SmartPLS

Intizar Hussain was a patriotic writer. Love for Pakistan was a key reference in his creative thinking. He has given prominence to his patriotism in his fictions that most of his characters were immigrants who were wandering in search of their cultural identity. They also remember the land they left behind and are busy building a relationship with the new land. But the law-and-order situation in Pakistan, chaos, riots, rallies and political instability was also a cause of concern for them. The tragedy was that the local people could not establish a Jewish-Christian brotherhood with the refugees. Thus, the Holy Land remained different from the world of their dreams and hopes. This is the problem of Intizar Hussain and his characters.