Objective: Cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer among women in Oman. Although it can be detected early in the premalignant stages, there is as yet no national program for cervical cancer screening. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cytological abnormalities in Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and related risk factors among Omani women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to December 2019 at the gynecology and family medicine clinics of Khoula Hospital and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital in Muscat. All asymptomatic Omani women aged between 21–65 years were included. Data regarding the participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and known risk factors were collected using a selfreported sheet. Pap smears were performed and the results reported by a cytotechnologist and histopathologist. Results: A total of 442 women participated in the study (response rate: 100%). The mean age was 39.0 ± 9.7 years old. The prevalence of cervical cytological abnormalities was 3.7%. There was a significant association between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cell abnormalities ( p = 0.017); however, there was no link with hormonal contraception use, pregnancy before the age of 17 years or parity ( p >0.050 each). Conclusions: The prevalence of cervical cell abnormalities in Oman was similar to that observed in Arab countries and relatively low in comparison to findings from Western countries. A screening program should be implemented at the primary care level. Moreover, the findings of this study highlight the need for a future vaccination program against HPV infections. Keywords: Cervical Cancer; Screening; Cytological Abnormalities; Pap Smear; Human Papillomavirus; Oman.

Objectives: COVID-19 vaccines lower the risk of infection hospitalization, and death. Despite the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, some caregivers are hesitant to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. In this study, we explored the factors that influence Omani mothers’ intentions to vaccinate their 5–11 year-old children. Methods: Of the 954 mothers approached, 700 (73.4%) participated in a cross-sectional face-to-face interviewer-administered questionnaire in Muscat, Oman, between 20 February and 13 March 2022. Data on age, income, level of education, trust in doctors, vaccine hesitancy, and intention to vaccinate their children were collected. Logistic regression was used to assess determinants of mothers’ intention to vaccinate their children. Results: Most mothers had 1–2 children (n = 525, 75.0%), had a college degree or higher education (73.0%), and were employed (70.8%). More than half (n = 392, 56.0%) reported that they were likely or very likely to get their children vaccinated. The intention to get children vaccinated was associated with older age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.08; p =0.003), trust in their doctor (OR = 2.12, 95%, CI: 1.71–2.62; p < 0.001), and low vaccine hesitancy (OR = 25.91, 95% CI: 16.92–39.64; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Understanding the factors that influence caregivers’ intentions to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 is important for the development of evidence-based vaccine campaigns. To increase and sustain high vaccination rates for COVID-19 vaccination in children, it is critical to address the factors that cause caregiver hesitation about vaccines.