This paper describes a technique of super-resolution that is based on holographic imaging in which three holograms corresponding to one orientation of the fringes are recorded. To recover the two-dimensional object spatial frequency, we take four orientations of the fringes with 45 degrees steps. For each orientation of the fringes, the hologram recording scheme will remain the same. The orientation of the reference beam is fixed throughout the measurements. Once the three holograms are recorded for each orientation of the fringes with a fixed amplitude of the reference beam, an algorithm is applied for each orientation. The algorithm processes the three holograms to construct a synthesized spectrum in a particular orientation; taking the inverse Fourier transform of this synthesized spectrum will give the synthesized image in that particular orientation. Different synthesized spectra are combined to obtain an overall synthesized spectrum and a super-resolved image is formed.
Electronic speckle photography (ESP) for in-plane displacement (IPD) and deformation measurements is well known with its more modern form, digital image correlation (DIC). Two speckle images of an optically rough surface before and after deformation, called reference and test images, are recorded and processed for IPD or deformation measurement of the test image with respect to the reference image. The reliability of ESP in measurements depends strongly on the postprocessing of the two images by DIC, which we have referred to as conventional DIC. In this paper, we are proposing a small but useful modification in the existing DIC methods by introducing some additional steps, which drastically improves the results obtained with the existing techniques. The modification to the conventional DIC method has been referred to as modified DIC. Computer-simulated and experimental results have been presented to validate the superiority of modified DIC over conventional DIC methods.
A variety of blood vessel extraction (BVE) techniques exist in the literature, but they do not always lead to acceptable solutions especially in the presence of anomalies where the reported work is limited. Four techniques are presented for BVE: (1) BVE using Image Line Cross-Sections (ILCS), (2) BVE using Edge Enhancement and Edge Detection (EEED), (3) BVE using Modified Matched Filtering (MMF), and (4) BVE using Continuation Algorithm (CA). These four techniques have been designed especially for abnormal retinal images containing low vessel contrasts, drusen, exudates, and other artifacts. The four techniques were applied to 30 abnormal retinal images, and the success rate was found to be (95 to 99%) for CA, (88–91%) for EEED, (80–85%) for MMF, and (74–78%) for ILCS. Application of these four techniques to 105 normal retinal images gave improved results: (99-100%) for CA, (96–98%) for EEED, (94-95%) for MMF, and (88–93%) for ILCS. Investigations revealed that the four techniques in the order of increasing performance could be arranged as ILCS, MMF, EEED, and CA. Here we demonstrate these four techniques for abnormal retinal images only. ILCS, EEED, and CA are novel additions whereas MMF is an improved and modified version of an existing matched filtering technique. CA is a promising technique.
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