Early maturity is an essential characteristic of soft red winter (SRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) cultivars that are grown in a double‐crop system. Historically, breeders have used heading or flowering date as an indicator of maturity. We were interested in assaying variation for postanthesis traits that may affect maturity in a defined reference population of SRW wheat. Forty‐four F5 lines from a single‐cross population, and the 22 reciprocal F1, F2, and F3 kernel generations, were evaluated in several field experiments from 1987 to 1989. Anthesis date, kernel weight at 20 days after anthesis (DAA), kernel growth rate (KGR), final kernel weight, and effective filling period (EFP) were measured. Direct additive and maternal additive components of variance and heritability were estimated. We observed significant variation among the F5 lines for kernel weight at 20 DAA and for KGR, but not for EFP. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) maternal effects for kernel weight at 20 DAA and for KGR were observed in the F1 and F2 generations but were absent in the F3. Heritabilities ranged from 0.16 for EFP to 0.80 for anthesis date in the parental lines. We observed a significant genetic correlation (rG = 0.99, P < 0.01) between kernel weight at 20 DAA and KGR, which leads us to conclude that kernel weight at 20 DAA may be used as an indirect selection criterion for kernel growth rate in developing early‐maturing genotypes.
Pests that are often a household problem in several cities in Indonesia are mosquitoes, rats, cockroaches, flies. Causes of settlement pests are dirty environments, food scraps, rubbish, and waterlogged gutters / ditches. The presence of pests in the house causes occupants to control pesticides. Pesticides are used primarily to control mosquitoes, ants, flies, cockroaches, mice and termites. This research is a descriptive research that aims to explain, detail and make a description of a phenomenon or object under study. The target population in this study is households residing in Pekanbaru City, namely in the Districts of Tenayan Raya, Sail and Pekanbaru City with three clean, medium and dirty categories. Determination of the sample is done purposively with multistage sampling technique. The sample was determined purposively with multistage sampling technique and the total sample was 101 households. The data obtained were nominal, ordinal and ratio, analyzed the relationship between these data using chi-square. The results showed that the physical environmental factors of housing settlements that affect the presence of residential pests are dirty environments caused by garbage and dirty drainage / ditches. Meanwhile, biotic environmental factors in residential housing that affect the presence of pests are plants grown in residential areas in the form of ornamental plants and unkempt shade plants. The dirty condition of the residential environment is due to the lack of environmental cleaning activities and the not yet routine transportation of waste from residential homes to landfills. In addition, there is less care for ornamental plants and shade in the yard, such as pruning.
Natural rubber has countless significant roles in human life. Rubber plants have the ability to maintain natural functions (they serve as carbon producers, conservationists of land and water, and habitats for wildlife) and they also produce many added values in terms of social and economy for rubber farmers or smallholders as well as become sources of their living and income. The price of natural rubber in the international market has significantly dropped in the last decade; leaving many rubber farmers or smallholders to live in poverty. Many programs to elevate the prosperity of rubber farmers or smallholders have been created and applied by the government of Indonesia but none of the programs has been deemed successful according to the analysis results of Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS), the sustainable ecological index (52.95%), technological sustainability (62.35%), economical sustainability (60.18%), social sustainability (53.62%), and institutional sustainability (20.73%). The institutional management of rubber farmers is highly expected to increase the development of rubber farmers so that each and every one of them may have high competitiveness which in turn will sustainably improve their prosperity in the future.
AbstrakRuang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) merupakan ruang dengan vegetasi yang berfungsi sebagai penyerap gas karbondioksida (CO2) dalam bentuk karbon tersimpan sehingga dapat tercapai suatu kualitas lingkungan udara kota yang bersih dan nyaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis status dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat keberlanjutan RTH publik sebagai cadangan karbon di Kota Pekanbaru. Data diperoleh melalui metode survey, pengamatan dan wawancara dianalisis menggunakan Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengelolaan RTH publik Kota Pekanbaru termasuk kurang berkelanjutan (49,57). Dimensi sosial (52,24) dinilai cukup berkelanjutan. Sementara dimensi ekologi (46,23), ekonomi (49,91), dan kelembagaan (49,93) tergolong kurang berkelanjutan. Secara umum disimpulkan bahwa pengelolaan RTH Kota Pekanbaru tergolong kurang berkelanjutan. Peningkatan indeks dan status keberlanjutan pengelolaan RTH Kota Pekanbaru perlu diupayakan dalam perspektif pembangunan kota berkelanjutan. AbstractGreen Open Space (GOS) is a space with vegetation that serves as an absorber of carbondioxide gas (CO2) in the form of carbon is stored so that a good quality of clean and comfortable city air environment could be achieved. This study aimed to analyze the status and the factors that affect the level of sustainability of public green space as a reserve of carbon in Pekanbaru. Data obtained through the survey, observation, and interviews method were analyzed using Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS). The results showed that the management of public green space was less sustainable (49.57). The social dimension (52.24) is considered quite sustainable. While the dimensions of the ecological (46.23), economic (49.91), and institutional (49,93) relatively less sustainable. In general the management of Pekanbaru City GOS relatively less sustainable. Improving index and sustainability status RTH Pekanbaru City management needs to be pursued in the perspective of sustainable urban development.
Even though rambutan is originating from Indonesia, its variability tents to decrease due to farmer selection to plant marketable varieties. The objectives of this study are to determine the diversity of several morphological characteristics and to analyse the relationship among rambutan plants in Bengkalis Regency. Thirty-one plants were chosen by purposive sampling in five districts of the Bengkalis Regency. Every plant was identified its morphological characteristic, including leaves, flowers, fruit, and seed characteristics. In general, most leaves, flower, fruit, and seed characteristics had from low to moderate variability. Tree characteristics, including canopy type growth habits and leaves length had high variability. Cluster analysis indicated that thirty-one plants were divided into three groups, namely group one consisted of two plants, group two consisted of 11 plants, and group three consisted of 18 plants.
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