Galactocele is a common lesion occurring during pregnancy or lactation. It is a benign cystic breast lesion containing milk. On Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, milky fluid is aspirated, and cytology shows paucicellular aspirate with foamy macrophages and occasional apocrine cells in a proteinaceous fluid background. Rarely, the contents of galactocele can crystallize giving rise to an entity of crystallizing galactocele. Crystallizing galactocele is a rare entity, and to the best of our knowledge, less than 10 cases have been reported in the literature.
Chordoid meningioma is a rare tumour accounting for less than 0.5% of all meningiomas. It is a WHO grade II tumour with an aggressive behavior. It is a rare variant characterized by cords or trabeculae of eosinophilic or vacuolated cells set in an abundant mucoid matrix. It can be associated with systemic or hematologic manifestations like Castleman disease. The tumor has a propensity for aggressive behavior and increased likelihood of recurrence We report a case of an adult patient with chordoid meningioma who presented with headache and seizures and did not have any hematological/ systemic manifestations. She underwent total excision of the lesion and is doing well.
Introduction: Rapid histopathological processing of neoplastic biopsies is crucial for initiating early therapy in patients. Microwave processing shortens the time to diagnosis and is less labour intensive. Aim: To compare the quality of immunohistochemical staining of Estrogen Receptors (ER) and Progesterone Receptors (PR) on paired breast samples using microwave processing versus conventional processing. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala, India, from February 2014 to September 2015. A total of 44 paired samples from breast carcinoma patients were taken. Baseline characteristics of the patients such as age and type of carcinoma were noted. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain was used. One slide of the pair was processed conventionally and the other using a microwave. The stained slides were observed by three pathologists. The validity of ER and PR receptor status was evaluated with sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Kappa statistics and Spearman’s correlation test was used to denote the agreement between them. Results: The mean age was 51.32±11.16 years. There was agreement (Cohen k=0.902) between the microwave processed and conventionally processed paired breast samples for ER. The sensitivity and specificity of microwave processing in ER evaluation was 87.5% and 100% while that of PR evaluation was 92.9% and 100% respectively. The PPV was 100% and NPV was 93.3% for ER evaluation by microwave processing. Conclusion: Microwave aided tissue processing had significant advantages over conventional methods for providing a rapid diagnosis, being less laborious and had effective staining, which makes it a better choice.
Background: Tissue microarray is widely used in histopathology and biomedical research. Construction of tissue microarray can help institutes to considerably reduce, cost of consumables, skilled man power needed and time needed in performing high output research. However resource poor centers in developing countries have hardly any access to such techniques. The aim of this research is to develop simple, cost effective technique for making tissue microarray.Materials and methods: Materials available in a standard pathology laboratory such as skin punch biopsy needle, bone marrow aspiration needle, trephine biopsy needle, stylet, paraffin wax, hot air oven, slide warming table, drawing pin and measuring scale were used in developing this tissue microarray. The tissue array thus developed was sectioned using a standard microtome. Immunohistochemical studies were also performed on these tissue array sections which yielded satisfactory results.Results: This technique for construction of TMAs is simple and cost effective. When 3.5 to 3mm cores were used we were able to construct arrays up to 32 cores in one block. When 1mm cores were used we were able to construct arrays with 100 representative cores in one block. Morphological identification, histological typing and grading could be done in TMA sectionsConclusion: Tissue microarray is a relatively recent innovation in the field of pathology. We hope that our technique will encourage the younger researchers to take up research projects of large sample size requiring molecular studies with significantly lesser economic burden and thus leading to a significant acceleration in the transition of basic research findings into clinical applications.
Introduction: There are several scoring systems in use to determine the endoscopic, clinical and histopathological activity in Ulcerative Colitis (UC) which helps in defining the optimal management strategy. Aim: To understand the correlation between histological activity with simplified Geboes Score (GS), clinical activity with Truelove and Witts Score (TLWS) and endoscopic activity with Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) in UC. The study also aimed at describing the common histopathological features of UC. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India for 1.5 years (November 2014 to May 2016). Consecutive colonoscopy biopsies of patients who presented with lower gastrointestinal symptoms and endoscopic findings suggestive of UC were included. Baseline characteristics including age, gender, symptoms, clinical signs and extent of disease were recorded. Disease severity was graded using TLWS, MES using endoscopy and GS. Spearman’s correlations between the MES, GS and TLWS were calculated. Results: A total of 62 cases of clinically diagnosed UC patients were evaluated based on endoscopy and histopathology findings. The mean age was 44.7 years and 42 (67.74%) were males in the study. Proctosigmoiditis was the most common extent (32.25%), followed by cases of proctitis (25.80%), pancolitis (22.58%), and left sided colitis (14.51%). There was a strong correlation between MES/TLWS with a rho=0.614 (p<0.001), followed by MES/GS with rho=0.421 (p<0.001) and GS/MES with a rho=0.375 (p<0.01). Basal plasmacytosis was found in 92.86% of moderate to severe disease. Conclusion: The GS system strongly correlates with both MES and TWLS in patients with UC which could be used concurrently to determine the extent of healing and optimise treatment strategy. Findings of basal plasmacytosis, mucin depletion, dysplasia and pseudopolyps are associated with moderate to severe disease activity.
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