Culturing geranium at different doses of Zn from 0-1.0 g m -3 (Zn 0 to Zn 1.000 ) revealed that Zn is an antioxidant promoter, apart from its micronutrient essentiality. Zn 0.250 was the critical concentration for maximum content (0.21 %) of total essential monoterpene oil(s). At Zn 0.005 -Zn 0.250 , net photosynthetic rate, and contents of chlorophyll and essential monoterpene oil(s) were affected. The maximum peroxidase activity was obtained at Zn 0.250 , with the production of biomolecule geraniol. We found an oxido-reducible reaction of Zn in the formation of monoterpene essential oil(s) and possibly major constituents of geraniol.

Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles with small concentration spread in base fluids such as water, oil and ethylene glycol. Nanofluid boiling is an important research area which provides many chances to explore new frontiers but also poses great challenges. Over the last decade, various studies have been carried out on pool boiling of nanofluids for the enhancement of critical heat flux which is otherwise limited by the use of base fluids. Several efforts have been made in the literature on nanofluid boiling, however, data on the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux have been unpredictable. Current study is a review of the status of research work on effects of nanofluids on heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux. An emphasis is put in a review form on the recent progresses in nanofluid heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux of pool boiling. This study also focuses on advancements in nanofluids, their properties and various parameters affecting boiling critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient. At the end correlations used by different researchers to find out the critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are listed.

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Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus, regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a co-factor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS-mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.

ABSTRACT. DNA barcoding is a promising tool for species identification at the molecular level. The barcoding system is well established for species differentiation in animals, while it is less common in plants. We evaluated 2 barcoding regions, maturase K (matK) and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), to compare species of Palmae according to amplification success, discrimination power, and inter-and intra-specific divergence. Both regions appear to have potential to discriminate most species of Palmae, but 2 species, Phoenix dactylifera and Phoenix sylvestris, did not show variation in the nucleotides of the barcode genes. P. sylvestris is said to be the sister species of P. dactilyfera according to its morphological and genetic proximity to the cultivated date palm. Thus, the status of these 2 species needs to be re-evaluated considering more genes as barcodes. Furthermore, rbcL has a higher discrimination power (90%) than matK (66.6%) and can thus be potentially used as a standard barcode to discriminate the species of Palmae.

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