BackgroundAedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of dengue viruses to humans. Understanding their biology and interactions with the pathogen are prerequisites for development of dengue transmission control strategies. Mosquito salivary glands are organs involved directly in pathogen transmission to vertebrate hosts. Information on the spatial distribution of gene expression in these organs is expected to assist in the development of novel disease control strategies, including those that entail the release of transgenic mosquitoes with impaired vector competence.ResultsWe report here the hybridization in situ patterns of 30 transcripts expressed in the salivary glands of adult Ae. aegypti females. Distinct spatial accumulation patterns were identified. The products of twelve genes are localized exclusively in the proximal-lateral lobes. Among these, three accumulate preferentially in the most anterior portion of the proximal-lateral lobe. This pattern revealed a salivary gland cell type previously undescribed in Ae. aegypti, which was validated by transmission electron microscopy. Five distinct gene products accumulate in the distal-lateral lobes and another five localize in the medial lobe. Seven transcripts are found in the distal-lateral and medial lobes. The transcriptional product of one gene accumulates in proximal- and distal-lateral lobes. Seven genes analyzed by quantitative PCR are expressed constitutively. The most abundant salivary gland transcripts are those localized within the proximal-lateral lobes, while previous work has shown that the distal-lateral lobes are the most active in protein synthesis. This incongruity suggests a role for translational regulation in mosquito saliva production.ConclusionsTransgenic mosquitoes with reduced vector competence have been proposed as tools for the control of dengue virus transmission. Expression of anti-dengue effector molecules in the distal-lateral lobes of Ae. aegypti salivary glands has been shown to reduce prevalence and mean intensities of viral infection. We anticipate greater efficiency of viral suppression if effector genes are expressed in all lobes of the salivary glands. Based on our data, a minimum of two promoters is necessary to drive the expression of one or more anti-dengue genes in all cells of the female salivary glands.
The nonlinear properties of magnetoacoustic solitary waves (MASWs) are investigated in magnetized pair ion-electron (PIE) plasmas. The three-fluid collisionless electromagnetic model is considered and the reductive perturbation method is employed to derive the Korteweg-de Vries equation for MASWs in PIE plasmas. It is found that the system under consideration admits compressive solitary structures. The effects of magnetic field intensity, plasma number density and negative ions concentration on MASWs are studied. This study may have relevance to nonlinear wave formation and the propagation of pair ion plasmas containing impurities.
Problem statement: In this study, a direct method of Adams Moulton type was developed for solving non linear two point Boundary Value Problems (BVPs) directly. Most of the existence researches involving BVPs will reduced the problem to a system of first order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). This approach is very well established but it obviously will enlarge the systems of first order equations. However, the direct method in this research will solved the second order BVPs directly without reducing it to first order ODEs. Approach: Lagrange interpolation polynomial was applied in the derivation of the proposed method. The method was implemented using constant step size via shooting technique in order to determine the approximated solutions. The shooting technique will employ the Newtons method for checking the convergent of the guessing values for the next iteration. Results: Numerical results confirmed that the direct method gave better accuracy and converged faster compared to the existing method. Conclusion: The proposed direct method is suitable for solving two point non linear boundary value problems
A novel method of reducing the energy consumption of street lighting using electronic ballasts was simulated on 277 units of 250 W high pressure sodium (HPS) street lights for a month. The design of the electronic ballast is detailed. A control system was utilised to dim the lights at hours of reduced traffic. The energy consumption was compared to that of the conventional system. The electronic ballast operates at a higher frequency and corrects any power distortion in the supply. Together with the light dimming capability, the electronic ballast increased the efficiency of the lighting system resulting in a monthly saving of 10.7 MWh, giving a monthly equivalent carbon dioxide reduction of 6.1 tonnes. In Malaysia, this would translate to a monthly cost saving of 37.7%.
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