The Crouzon syndrome is a genetic disorder which is known as the brachial arch syndrome. It is an autosomal dominant disorder which is one of a rare group of syndromes which is characterized by cranio synostosis or a premature closing of the cranial sutures. The major features are brachiocephaly, occular proptosis, an under developed maxilla, mid face hypoplasia, a rare cleft lip or palate,
Background: Morphometric measurements of a spine in the particular geographical area will help in proper implant selection during spinal surgeries, designing of best suited implant, understanding the biomechanics and pathoanatomy of the spine, precise clinical diagnosis and management of the population under consideration. Methods: In this study sample size was 100 [58 male and 42 female] embalmed and preserved thoracic spine [T1 to T12] aged 35 to 80 years at the time of death. Chord length [CL]: Measured from the posterior cortical entry point of the pedicle to the anterior vertebral cortex along the axis of the pedicle. All the linear measurements like Vertical interpedicular distance [VIPD], Transverse interpedicular distance [TIPD], Sagital angle [SA] measured using digital vernier calipers with resolution [0.01mm].Result: In pedicle width however there was no significance difference [p > 0.05] between direct measurement and CT measurement in T1, T2 and T10 and other vertebral level there was significance difference [p < 0.05] between DM and CT. Pedicle Hight of the thoracic spine showed no significant difference [p > 0.05] between the direct measurement and the CT measurement in T3 and T8, but in other vertebral level there is significant difference [p < 0.05] between direct measurement and CT. A significant difference [p < 0.05] between direct measurement and CT measurement sagital angle values in all the vertebral levels was observed. Conclusion:Pedicle morphometry shows significant correlations in different parameters in most of the vertebral levels in direct measurement and in CT measurements. Also the multiple linear regressions was performed to obtain prediction equation taking direct measurement as dependant variable and CT scan measurements, age and gender as independent variables. The results of the present study can help in designing implants and instrumentations, understanding spine pathologies; and management of spinal disorder in this ethnic group.
The internet is one of the most widely used means of communication, connecting people all over the world, in association with the rapid escalation of consumed internet content and the wider availability of smartphones and tablets with internet access, is providing a new challenge for classical addictology which requires immediate solutions. High comorbidity of internet addiction with psychiatric disorders has been reported particularly anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder). Internet addiction and social anxiety in puberty are linked to signicant illness that lasts into adulthood. The objectives of this study were to nd out the level of internet addiction and social anxiety among male and female young adults and to study the relationship between internet addiction and social anxiety. The research was conducted on 100 male and female college going students. The data was collected through the purposive sampling method. Young's Internet Addiction Test was used to assess internet addiction, and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale was used to assess social anxiety. The scores were calculated, and the data were analyzed using SPSS. The study found a correlation between internet addiction and social anxiety among male and female young adults (r =.018, P=.236). And found no signicant difference between males and females on the level of internet addiction and social anxiety. The results of the current study support prior evidence for the co-occurrence of internet addiction and social anxiety, while further studies need to clarify this association
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