BACKGROUND: Cleaning and shaping of root canal system requires various irrigating solutions. The question is whether the presence of irrigation solution alters working length determination using apex locators. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of Root ZX and i-Root apex locator for determining working length in the presence of different irrigating solution. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Eighty extracted single rooted human teeth were used. The teeth were sectioned at Cemento Enamel Junction (CEJ) and actual canal length determined. Then, working length measurements were obtained using Root ZX and i-Root apex locator in the presence of irrigating solutions namely 0.9% saline, 3% of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine digluconate(CHX) and 17% Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid (EDTA). The measurements obtained with Root ZX and i-Root apex locator were compared with actual canal length and subjected to statistical analysis using Post Hoc Test Tukey's Method. RESULTS: This study revealed that both the tested Electronic apex locators (EAL) were able to measure the canal length in the presence of tested irrigating solutions. The presence of irrigating solutions of saline, NaOCl, chlorhexidine and EDTA in the root canal marginally influenced the accuracy of the Root ZX or i-Root (P < 0.36), but with no clinical significance. CONCLUSION: Root ZX and i-Root can be used safely to determine working length in the presence of various irrigants. The content of the root canal did not influence the accuracy while measuring working length using Electronic apex locators (EAL)
A significant contributor to artefact generation in surface electromyography (sEMG) and, functional electrical stimulation (FES) intensity is the skin-to-electrode impedance (Z(S/E)). While using electrolytic gels may initially lower Z(S/E), the impedance may not remain stable. It can vary over time due to changes in underlying structures such as sweat glands and physical deformations due to movements. An experiment seeking to identify major factors in the reduction of Z(S/E), and therefore mitigate these artefacts, was performed by varying a series of control factors on the concentric ring electrode (CRE). Unlike conventional disc electrodes, CREs have small surface areas which may exacerbate Z(S/E) changes. The factors tested were electrode material, electrode size, skin preparation, and surface pressure. This work analyzes how these factors in their various combinations effect changes in Z(S/E) and suggests protocols for improving recording or stimulation with CREs via lowered and consistent Z(S/E).
Extensively damaged endodontically treated molars pose a constant challenge for the practitioner. Although the classical post and core restoration is widely used in dentistry, its invasiveness has been criticized worldwide. Minimally invasive crown preparation preserving the maximum amount of tooth structure is considered to be the main objective for restoring teeth. Bindl and Mormann described the concept of endocrown in 1999 to limit the use of root anchorages. This case report illustrates this restorative option for functional rehabilitation of a devitalized mandibular molar, presenting with a small amount of remaining coronal tooth structure.
At the time of root development, trauma or caries results in tooth with immature and open root apices. The single most important factor that affects the success of endodontics is achievement of perfect apical seal. Apexification is done to achieve an apical barrier against which the obturating material can be condensed. Nowadays due to new advancements in materials and methods, single-visit apexification as compared with long and multiple visits (calcium hydroxide apexification) has gained popularity. With the new bioceramic materials like mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine, perfect seal can be achieved much more easily and effectively. Various treatment modalities are present to treat immature open root apices. Retrograde root end filling by surgical intervention provides faster healing of the associated lesions. Both MTA and Biodentine promise to be quite reliable retrograde filling materials. In the following case reports, apexification using different treatment modalitiesnewer biomaterials-is explained.
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