The COVID-19 pandemic has sparked unprecedented public health and social measures (PHSM) by national and local governments, including border restrictions, school closures, mandatory facemask use and stay at home orders. Quantifying the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing disease transmission is key to rational policy making in response to the current and future pandemics. In order to estimate the effectiveness of these interventions, detailed descriptions of their timelines, scale and scope are needed. The Health Intervention Tracking for COVID-19 (HIT-COVID) is a curated and standardized global database that catalogues the implementation and relaxation of COVID-19 related PHSM. With a team of over 200 volunteer contributors, we assembled policy timelines for a range of key PHSM aimed at reducing COVID-19 risk for the national and first administrative levels (e.g. provinces and states) globally, including details such as the degree of implementation and targeted populations. We continue to maintain and adapt this database to the changing COVID-19 landscape so it can serve as a resource for researchers and policymakers alike.
Background: Laparoscopic surgeries have attained the status of a gold standard for most of the abdominal pathology; we therefore performed this study to assess feasibility and safety of major laparoscopic surgeries like laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH)/total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) under regional anesthesia that is combined spinal epidural anesthesia (CSE) with normal pressure pneumoperitoneum using intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacain.Methods: In a zonal government hospital, 50 patients were selected prospectively for LC and LAVH/TLH, under normal pressure (12 mmHg) pneumoperitoneum and under CSE over a span of fifteen months. Injection bupivacaine (0.5%) and 20 mg of fentanyl were used for spinal anesthesia. Plain bupivacaine (0.5%) was used for epidural anesthesia.Results: We successfully performed the operations in 48 patients without major complications. CSE was converted to general anesthesia in two patients due to distressing shoulder tip pain. Age varied between 25 and 70 years. Duration of operation time (skin to skin) was between 50 and 170 min. Five patients had urinary retention and one developed localized pruritis. There was no incidence of respiratory depression, aspiration or headache.Conclusion: Laparoscopic surgeries with normal pressure CO 2 pneumoperitoneum are feasible and safe under CSE. Incidence of postoperative shoulder pain was minimal due to use of intrathecal fentanyl and complications were less and easily manageable.
Since the beginning of civilisation, humans have used the land. As the population grew, so did the demand for land, which resulted in using land resources, referred to as "land use." In India, land use planning has become essential as land is scarce. Due to fast urbanisation, competition for multiple land uses exists, and severe shifts in land uses have been recorded, necessitating a thorough land-use planning procedure. Therefore, this paper focuses on land use, land-use history at the national (India) and international levels, and the selection of criteria based on the comments and views given by various authors to examine its effectiveness.The research seeks to determine how and to what extent the land use planning process is effective. The work has been executed by listing the four main criteria and various sub-criteria compiled through literature sources. The expert questionnaire survey was conducted and analysed with the help of AHP by calculating the weights of each criterion by using a pairwise comparison matrix to understand the significance level of each criterion for land use planning. Some solutions and dimensions of the land-use allocation process have also been framed. In broader terms, the paper's findings highlight the past and present systems of the land use planning process, its effectiveness, and unachieved goals and provide us with the set of criteria that can act as the basis for the systematic land use planning process in India.
Introduction: Hesitation to offering a perineal urethrostomy to a patient is on the false belief that the satisfaction in regards to urination and sexual performance is low. Method: We have done observational descriptive study and evaluated 50 patients. We included patients between the ages of 40-70 years with urethral stricture diseases and excluded patients who were having PFUD disease and those who have not completed their family. Quality of life is calculated using validated questionnaire by PROM-USS. Results: Most of our patients were in 60-70 years' age group 30/50 i.e. 60%. Most common aetiology of stricture was idiopathic (18) followed by iatrogenic (15), traumatic (9) and post infectious (8). Average length of stricture was more than 6 cm and involving anterior urethra. Patients were followed up for median 14 months. Preoperative IPSS score was 27+/- 4.5 and postoperative was 9+/- 5. SHIM scoring preoperative and postoperative were same ~ 21. PROM-USS for LUTS was signicantly reduced from median of 19 to 8.5 and QOL from median of 5.5 to 2. Success rate with previous urethrotomy, urethroplasty, multiple treatment and no treatment patients were 15/17(88%), 9/12(75%), 11/14(78%), 7/7(100%) respectively. Most of the patients were satised with the procedure. And few of them (3) reported that postejaculatory dysfunction bothering them. In patients in whom second surgery was indicated that is in patients with bladder outlet obstruction the endoscopic procedure was done without any difculty. Conclusions: These reports will likely increase the acceptance of perineal urethrostomy by patients and as well as urologists.
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