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Gas phase chemistry in the cold interstellar clouds is dominated by ion-molecule and radical-radical interactions, though some neutralneutral reactions are also barrier-free and efficient at cold temperatures. It has been suggested that it is impossible to synthesize detectable abundances of the pre-biotic HCN oligomer adenine (H 5 C 5 N 5 ) in the interstellar medium via successive neutral-neutral reactions. We attempted therefore to use quantum chemical techniques to explore if adenine can possibly form in the interstellar space by radical-radical and radical-molecule interaction schemes, both in the gas phase and in the grains. We report results of ab initio calculations for the formation of adenine starting from some of the simple neutral molecules and radicals detected in the interstellar space. The reaction path is found to be totally exothermic and barrier free, which increases the probability of occurrence in the cold interstellar clouds (10−50 K). We also estimated the reaction rates.

Glycine (C 2 H 5 NO 2) was the first amino acid to be detected in space by the stardust space probe in Comet Wild2, and is used by living organisms to make proteins. We discuss three different reaction paths for the formation of glycine in interstellar space from some simpler molecules detected in the interstellar medium. The possibility of the formation of glycine in interstellar space is considered by radicalradical and radical-molecule interaction schemes using quantum chemical calculations with density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level. In the chemical pathways we discuss, a few reactions are found to be totally exothermic and barrierless while others are endothermic with a very small reaction barrier, thus giving rise to a high probability of forming glycine in interstellar space.

The measurement of total factor productivity in Indian economic development has been greatly debated especially after economic reforms set in. While a fair amount of research is done on this subject, however the findings were lost in the shadow of complex econometric techniques. This paper is an honest attempt to simplify the complex area of productivity for a geographically multifaceted country-India. The paper carries out a comprehensive and comparative TFP (total factor productivity) analysis across 19 major India states and their 15 Indian manufacturing industries. The intent of this paper is fourfold. First, it estimates TFP using a simple technique (growth accounting). Second, it performs the state and the industry level comparative TFP analysis. Third, it discusses the outliers and justifies their outcomes and fourth provides recommendations for policy making and states the implications.

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The use of red mud for removal of 1-butanethiol from diesel oil at different concentrations and temperatures has been investigated. Low concentration and high temperature favor the percentage removal of 1-butanethiol from diesel oil. The process follows a first-order adsorption rate expression and is controlled by intraparticle transport. Equilibrium data at different temperatures follow the Langmuir mode of adsorption. Thermodynamic parameters for the present system indicate spontaneous and endothermic natures of adsorption with positive entropy change.

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Baylis–Hillman adducts undergo smooth 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid to produce pyrazolines in high yields under mild reaction conditions.