The aim of this study was to assess environmental risk due to heavy metals such as cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in the groundwater around integrated industrial estate (IIE) Haridwar. Index of geo-accumulation (I geo) values showed Cr contamination in groundwater of both the industrial areas. The quantification of contamination index showed that anthropogenic causes were source of contamination of all metals. Contamination factor showed that contamination levels in the study area ranged from low contamination to moderate contamination. Pollution linked index (PLI) values were highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area [ Shivalik Nagar [ commercial area [ IIE Haridwar = Aneki [ RNP. Ecological risk index (ERI) was highest in Bahadrabad old industrial area [ Shivalik Nagar [ commercial area [ IIE Haridwar [ RNP [ Aneki rural area. Values of PLI and ERI showed moderate pollution and low ecological risk due to heavy metals in the study area. Study showed that although Rajaji National Park (RNP) is a protected area, it was not free of metal contamination.
Various studies have been conducted in the past on the fresh waters related to the various aspects of limnology, physico-chemistry, primary productivity, plankton etc. in relation to environmental conditions and ecology, flora and fauna of River Ganga. In the present investigation some recent approach have been made to study the various parts of fishes like gill structures, scales for age determination, length and weight of fish for growth assessments etc. The SEM study of scales in relation to pollution and environmental conditions is a recent approach. At this stage, in the present study the scales of two most common fishes found in the study stretch were involved to create a base line.
Most precious and world famed Himalayan rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, and their tributaries are originated from Uttarakhand state of India. Over the years, increased industrial activities and urban growth along the rivers and lakes have resulted in increased load over the water bodies. In the present study, a comparison of characteristics of water quality with respect to heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, and Pb) and their interrelationships with some physiological parameters during different seasons of year 2010 has been made in the water bodies flowing through the two geographical regions, namely Garhwal and Kumaon regions of the Himalayan State of India. All observed values of Pb, 02 observation of the Cu, and 59 observations of Fe are found exceed with the WHO standard for drinking water; 83 observations of Pb, 110 observations of Cu, and 59 observations of Fe are found exceed with the Bureau of Indian Standards. However, none of the observation of Zn is found exceeding with the standard limit. Cu shows the highest concentration 7.30 mg/l among all observations and also its higher concentration in Kumaon rivers. All the metals show negative correlation with dissolved oxygen and pH. Fe in river Yamuna system and Zn in Kumaon rivers show significant temporal variations at 90 % level of significance (LOS). However, no significant temporal difference of remaining metals is observed even at 95 % LOS. All metals except Fe in river Yamuna system show very significant variation in spatial distribution in different river systems at 95 % LOS.
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