Increasing congestion on roads in metropolitan region and increasing usage of private vehicles are the serious issues that affected to the development of the transportation sector. Sri Lanka incurs a huge economic loss of around 40 billion Rupees annually due to road traffic congestion and air pollution with too many vehicles on a limited road network. To provide a productive solution for these massive issues, it is important to identify the factors influencing to choose the mode for traveling by the people. All of the factors are related with the socio economic and service attributes. The objective of this study is trying to identify the factors affecting to select the transportation mode for their regular activities in the aspects of the personal characteristic and the travel-based characteristic. A survey was conducted to Colombo Metropolitan Area in the Western Province of Sri Lanka to conduct the quantitative research method and to find the influencing factor to select the traveling mode. The outcome of the factor analysis shows that. Income, Vehicle ownership, Safety and Comfort become the factors that show up many times compared with others factors.
The objective of this research is to introduce the behavior of non-verbal features of e-Learners in the virtual learning environment to establish a fair representation of the real user by an avatar who represents the e-Learner in the virtual environment and to distinguish the deportment of the non-verbal features during the virtual learning session. The eye blink and the head pose, which can be considered as important non-verbal cues are detected by using a web-camera utilizing mainly the geometric method. Then the detected non-verbal cues are transferred to the virtual environment. When the e-Learner blinks eyes or/and moves his/her head, the movements are appeared in the virtual environment through an identical avatar. The result of the experiment depicts that the avatar appearance which can detect the real user non-verbal behavior has got a notable impact on the viewers' impression. In addition to that, the successful establishment of the real user's non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment enhances the effectiveness of the communication since avatar is able to facilitate the fair representation to the real user with visualizing the real user non-verbal behavior in the virtual environment. The analysis of the non-verbal behavior during the virtual learning activity specified that the eye blinking rate has decreased by 35% during the problem based learning session than the relaxing time in virtual learning due to low stress level, attractive environment and visual fixation. Furthermore, results demonstrate that there is a relationship between the internal statuses of an e-Lerner with the rate of eye blinking.
Data comparability suggests the feasibility of a global data management system that can store data from various countries. Such a system, if made accessible over the internet, would benefit resource-constrained countries by providing them with a ready-made framework to implement a surveillance system at low cost.
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