Grain yields of seven barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) and 398 doubled‐haploid lines derived from their diallel crosses were evaluated in hill plots at two locations in Ontario. Additive × additive epistasis and linkage disequilibrium were detected in the seven cultivars. Additive × additive genetic variance was significantly greater than zero but additive genetic variance was not significantly greater than zero. The narrow‐sense heritability on the basis of line means was intermediate (0.33). It was predicted that 13.1% yield improvement could be realized in the next recurrent selection cycle using the doubled‐haploid method.
Wild parents of safflower (Carthamus palaestinus L.) had abundant pappus and small seed, whereas domestic parents had little or no pappus and large seed. Low variances of nonsegregating populations suggested that environmental effects on pappus and seed weight were not strong and that variability was largely genetic. Nonadditive gene action for seed weight and pappus was indicated by the Mather and Jinks model. Heritability estimates in the broad sense for pappus were high (above 93%); however, they ranged from 66 to 85% for seed weight. Heritability estimate in the narrow sense for pappus was 88%. Maternal effects were not observed for seed weight. At least two loci are involved in the inheritance of seed weight and pappus. Anthocyanin pigmentation and striped hull assorted independently. Correlation coefficients for seed weight with pappus were low.
The parents, F1 and F2 from four crosses of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. and C. palaestinus Eig.) were studied in field experiments. Data were taken on individual plants to estimate heritability, gene action, and mode of inheritance of plant height, time of flowering (TF), time to maturity (TM), time from flowering to maturity (TFM), leaf length, and stem diameter. In all crosses, F2 variability was largely genetic for all traits. Gene action was additive for plant height and leaf length, but nonadditive for TF, TM, and TFM. Gene action for stem diameter was additive in Cross 3 but nonadditive in Cross 4. The broad‐sense heritability estimates were high for all traits studied. Maternal effects were absent, except for TM and leaf length. In all F2's, continuous distributions were observed, suggesting multiple‐factor inheritance for plant height, TF, TM, TFM, leaf length, and stem diameter. Heritability estimates in the narrow sense for TF and plant height, calculated from the cross N4051 ✕ 830293, were 11 and 79%, respectively. In the same cross, the values for expected genetic advance for TF and plant height were 0.70 and 17.0%, respectively. On the basis of apparent gene action, heritability estimates and expected genetic advance, direct selection to improve plant height should be effective.Plant height was not associated with striped hull or flower color; however, plant height was associated with anthocyanin pigmentation. Also, TF was not associated with striped hull, anthocyanin pigmentation, or flower color. Correlation coefficients of TF with TM and TM with TFM were high.
Two selections of wild safflower (Carthamns palaestinus Eig.) possessing short‐term seed dormancy and three cultivars of domestic safflower (C. tinctorius L.) were used in crosses to study the genetics of seed (achene) dormancy and its association with other traits.Seeds from the parents of each cross differed significantly in all germination periods (24, 48, and 72 hours after 2 and 24 weeks of storage). Seed of all populations stored for 24 weeks had higher germination percentage than that stored for 2 weeks, which indicated that seed dormancy was lessened by long‐term storage. Variability of the F2 generation was of genetic origin, except in a few cases. Heritability in the broad sense ranged from 0 to 99% for 2 and 24 weeks of storage. Heritability estimates in the narrow sense were 55, 46, and 33% for 24, 48, and 72 hours of germination, respectively, for 2 weeks of storage. Except for one case, gene action was nonadditive. Seed germination characteristics were quantitatively inherited. The expectation of genetic advance for 48 hours of seed germination was higher than that of 24 and 72 hours of germination for 2 weeks of storage. Thus, selection for 48 hours of a 2 week storage period should be most desirable. Germination of seeds from plants with striped hulls and green midveins of cotyledons was higher than germination of those with nonstriped hulls and purple midveins. Correlation coefficients for all germination periods with seed weight and pappus were low. Correlation coefficients for seed weight with pappus were also low. Thus, these traits are not important in breeding for seed dormancy.
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