No abstract

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is one of the important multipurpose tree species. Today, neem is receiving worldwide recognition for its variety of bioactive principle components. Neem, being an important part of our biological heritage and is also recognised as one of nature's gift to mankind. This review aims to perform a literature review of the main scientific methods used to obtain clones of Azadirachta indica, such as the processes of vegetative (macro) propagation and present perspectives and future trends for the application of new cloning techniques aiming for large scale for plant production. The literature describes methods (dip treatment), types of plant growth regulator (IBA, NAA & IAA), types of stem cuttings (hard wood, semi hard wood, soft wood, leafy & mini cuttings) and planted in rooting media (sand, soil, vermiculite & sand+soil+FYM) during different season (monsoon, winter & summer). The improvement aiming the disseminating such techniques can minimize costs, shorten production stages and consequently, reduce the cultivation time in the laboratory.

Azadirachta indica is an evergreen woody plant of Meliaceae family, native to Indian subcontinent and distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. For efficient multiplication and conservation of the genetic resources of neem, the effect auxin, their different concentration in different rooting media on adventitious root formation (ARF) in semi-hard wood cuttings of Azadirachta indica was studied. Three different rooting media (sand, vermiculite and soil) were used and the experiment was established using three types of auxin (IBA, IAA and NAA) and 6 concentration (100, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1500 mg L-1), in a complete randomized block design (CRBD). Significant effects of auxin, their concentration and rooting media on adventitious root formation of neem semi hard wood cuttings were observed. Semi hard wood cuttings were assessed for rooting percentage, number of sprouts, number of roots, root length and number of leaves. Data revealed that there was significant effect (p < 0.05) of auxin-vermiculite on rooting percentage, number of sprouts, number of root, length of root and number of leaves. The data showed that a maximum of 65% rooting with 3.00 numbers of sprout, 32.38 number of roots with 5.77 cm root length and 4.92 numbers of leaves was obtained, when these cuttings were treated with 500 ppm IBA. The determination of proper rooting protocols and the use of semi hard wood cuttings were proved important for multiplication of A. indica. The rooted plantlets were successfully hardened and acclimatized in poly house and agro shade house. These plants showed a good survival rate of 80% under field conditions.

No abstract

In vitro adventitious roots were induced from Valeriana jatamansi to assess their quality as an alternative ingredient for extraction of secondary metabolites to meet the demand of phytopharmaceutical industries. A signi cantly (p ≤ 0.05) high root induction (90 %) was achieved on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium forti ed with 9.84 µM indole-3-butyric acid. A maximum root biomass (144.09 ± 11.36 g/L) with high relative growth rate (2.01 ± 0.04) and growth index (13.41) was achieved in submerged cultivation. The total valerenic acid derivatives (1525.14 µg/g DW) and acetoxy valerenic acid (534.91µg/g DW) were signi cantly high in induced adventitious roots, with notable quantity of hydroxyl valerenic acid (919.57 µg/g DW) that otherwise not quanti able in parent plant parts. In addition, 0.059% essential oil yield consisting of 24.00% patchouli alcohol was also obtained from induced adventitious roots. The phenolic acid derivatives were also signi cantly higher in adventitious roots (451.58 µg/g DW) as compared to rhizome (187.79 µg/g DW) and leaves (263.68 µg/g DW) of the parent plant. Notably, a substantial increase in phytochemicals was evident at subsequent culture stages with signi cantly reduced in vitro cultivation cycle (2 months) as compared to eld grown plants (24 months). Conclusively, a comparable metabolic pro le of in vitro induced V. jatamansi adventitious roots and considerably shorter growth cycle clearly determines its potential as a feasible source of phytoconstituents.

Terminalia arjuna is an important tree of the medicinal and sericulture industry, commonly known as Arjun. It’s bark is rich in secondary metabolites makes this plant highly valuable in medicine industry to treat cardiovascular disease. Overexploitation due to high demand in medicine, low seed germination, limitations of the conventional method of propagation push this plant towards being endangered. To conserve germplasm of such tree species and meet the requirement in medicinal industry, some non-conventional propagation method like micropropagation has been developed. The present work highlighted the effect of three genotypes (G-1, G-2, and G-3) on tissue culture of T. arjuna situated at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. In vitro shoot proliferation was achieved on a modified MS medium enriched with BAP + additives. Among the tested genotypes, Genotype -1 showed maximum bud break response (100%) followed by G-3 (93.33 %) and G-2 (86.66%). Further multiplication of these shoots on modified MS medium containing BAP + NAA + additives gave 11.38±0.26 (G-1), 9.44±0.21 (G-2) and 10.22±0.32 (G-3) shoots. In vitro rooting was done by pulse treatment with IBA for 10 min prior to transfer on hormone free half strength MS medium containing 0.1% activated charcoal. Maximum in vitro rooting was obtained in G-1 (80%) followed by G-3 (71.11%) and G-2 (68.88%). In the present study, it was observed that optimum growth in all three genotypes required different doses of Plant Growth Regulator. Thus, by identifying and multiplying the best performing genotypes the gap between demand and supply of such medicinal plant can be fulfilled.

In vitro adventitious roots were induced from Valeriana jatamansi to assess their quality as an alternative ingredient for extraction of secondary metabolites to meet the demand of phytopharmaceutical industries. A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) high root induction (90 %) was achieved on Schenk and Hildebrandt medium fortified with 9.84 µM indole-3-butyric acid. A maximum root biomass (144.09 ± 11.36 g/L) with high relative growth rate (2.01 ± 0.04) and growth index (13.41) was achieved in submerged cultivation. The total valerenic acid derivatives (1525.14 µg/g DW) and acetoxy valerenic acid (534.91µg/g DW) were significantly high in induced adventitious roots, with notable quantity of hydroxyl valerenic acid (919.57 µg/g DW) that otherwise not quantifiable in parent plant parts. In addition, 0.059% essential oil yield consisting of 24.00% patchouli alcohol was also obtained from induced adventitious roots. The phenolic acid derivatives were also significantly higher in adventitious roots (451.58 µg/g DW) as compared to rhizome (187.79 µg/g DW) and leaves (263.68 µg/g DW) of the parent plant. Notably, a substantial increase in phytochemicals was evident at subsequent culture stages with significantly reduced in vitro cultivation cycle (2 months) as compared to field grown plants (24 months). Conclusively, a comparable metabolic profile of in vitro induced V. jatamansi adventitious roots and considerably shorter growth cycle clearly determines its potential as a feasible source of phytoconstituents.

Terminalia arjuna is an important tree of medicinal and sericulture industry, commonly known as Arjun. It's bark rich in secondary metabolites makes this plant highly valuable in medicine industry to treat cardiovascular disease. It is also used as feeder plant for tasar silkworm (Antheraea mylitta). Over exploitation due to high demand in medicine, low seed germination, limitations of conventional method of propagation push this plant towards being endangered. To conserve germplasm of such tree species and meet the requirement in medicinal industry, some non-conventional propagation method like micropropagation have been developed. The present work highlighted the effect of genotypes on tissue culture of T. arjuna. For this objective, nodal explants were collected from three genotypes (G-1, G-2 and G-3) of T. arjuna situated at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. In vitro shoot proliferation was achieved on modified MS medium enriched with BAP + additives. Genotype-1 showed maximum bud break response (100%) followed by G-3 (93.33 %) and G-2 (86.66%). Further multiplication of these shoots on modified MS medium containing BAP + NAA + additives gave 11.38±0.26 (G-1), 9.44±0.21 (G-2) and 10.22±0.32 (G-3) shoots. In vitro rooting was done by pulse treatment with IBA for 10 min prior to transfer on hormone free half strength MS medium containing 0.1% activated charcoal. Maximum in vitro rooting was obtained in G-1 (80%) followed by G-3 (71.11%) and G-2 (68.88%). In present study it was observed that optimum growth in all three genotypes require different dose of Plant Growth Regulator. Thus, by identifying and multiplying the best performing genotypes the gap between demand and supply of such medicinal plant can be fulfilled.