In a previous study (J. O'Rear, L. Alberti, and R. M. Harshey, J. Bacteriol. 174:6125-6137, 1992) we reported the isolation of several transposon mutants of Serratia marcescens 274 that were defective either in swarming alone or in both swimming and swarming motility. All the nonflagellate (Fla ؊ ) mutants, while defective in both types of motility, were able to spread rapidly on the surface of low-agar (0.35%) media. We show here that some of the swarming-defective mutants are defective in the production of serrawettin W1, an extracellular cyclic lipopeptide produced by S. marcescens 274. When combined with a Fla defect, the serrawettin (Swt) mutants are deficient in spreading on low-agar media. The spreading deficiency can be overcome by serrawettin supplied extracellularly. Introduction of Fla defects into chemotaxis mutants does not affect this mode of surface translocation. These results suggest that spreading may be a passive form of translocation. We also report that swarming defects in all mutants showing a Dps phenotype (able to swarm within the inoculated area but unable to move outward) in the earlier study can be overcome by changing the commercial source of agar.Serratia marcescens is a pigmented enteric bacterium found in variety of niches, which include soil, water, air, plants, and animals (9). It is also an opportunistic human pathogen, causing many nosocomial infections (7). S. marcescens is unique among enteric bacteria in many respects. It secretes extracellular chitinases, several proteases, a nuclease, and a lipase (13) and produces a wetting agent or surfactant called serrawettin, which helps in the colonization of surfaces (14,15,17). In keeping with its varied habitat, S. marcescens produces alternate forms of differentially flagellated cells which display different types of motility depending on whether the growth medium is liquid or solid (2). Nonflagellated cells of S. marcescens can also translocate (spread) efficiently over the surface of low-agar media (20).Surface colonization via swarming requires the flagellar apparatus as well the chemotaxis system (20). A large-scale transposon mutagenesis study of S. marcescens identified several additional functions that were needed for swarming (20). A sizable subset of the mutants showed a Dps phenotype (cells were capable of swarming but remained confined to the inoculated area, i.e., were unable to move outwards). A distinct group of the Dps mutants (DpsI) appeared not to produce the extracellular slime layer generally visible around the bacterial colony. We show here that some of the DpsI mutants as well as some Dis (completely defective in swarming) mutants are defective in the production of serrawettin W1, an extracellular cyclic lipopeptide (14, 24). Flagellum-independent spreading of S. marcescens 274 on the surface of low-agar media also requires serrawettin. Defects in chemotaxis functions, however, had no effect on this mode of surface colonization. Our results reveal the importance of bacterial surface layers (serrawettins, slim...
Background: This prospective study was carried out to look for the frequency of isolation of Extended spectrum b lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria from urine samples and study their susceptibility pattern. The detection of ESBL genes responsible for their resistance was done by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: The study was carried out over a period of one year from January 2016 to December 2016. Urine specimens from patients were processed as per standard protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines 2016. Urine isolates obtained were screened for ESBL, by cefotaxime, ceftazidime disk and confirmation was made by Double disk diffusion test method. The detection of ESBL genes responsible for their resistance was done by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for blaCTX-M, blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Results: Prevalence of ESBL producing uropathogens were found to be 20.47% with most common organism to be isolated was Escherichia coli (E. coli) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nitrofurantoin and Imipenem were the most effective antibiotic agents against urinary isolates. Most common gene responsible for ESBL production was blaCTX-M (71.42%). Conclusion: A large number of ESBL producing strains are creating significant therapeutic problems. Therefore, monitoring of ESBL production, judicious use of antibiotics and infection control measures are necessary to avoid treatment failures in patients with Urinary Tract Infections (UTI).
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