I am most grateful to my supervisor Dr José Jesús Reyes Nunez, for his expertise, assistance, guidance, extensive comments on my work, and for his sound advice throughout the process of writing this thesis. Without his help this paper would not have been possible.Many thanks to Runaki Institute in Erbil for their help in all aspects of this study and for testing maps. Here they use Braille system where students are able to learn all other subjects. I am truly indebted and thankful to Institute of Geodesy and Cartography (IGiK) in WarsawPoland for providing me valued information about creating the Tactile maps for Kurdistan Region Governorates, and for their valuable input and ideas supplied from the beginning. They took great pains to guide me in the right direction and suggested corrective actions from time to time.I would love to thank all academic persons who work in different universities gave suggestions as well as help in the analysis; and for being approachable, cooperative, and spending time answering my questions during the writing of this thesis.
Spatial data stored in databases have been become progressively crucial in the geographic information system (GIS) field within recent years. Spatial data are increasingly being noted for its significance in representing for real-life relationships. The value of spatial databases cannot be underestimated since it has been established to be an efficient and flexible means of handling enormous spatial datasets. This paper shows the different methods, in which spatial data are integrated by major database vendors and database within GIS. The current report has also examined the new technologies and advancements by database and GIS vendors in relational database management systems in the past four decades, which have facilitated spatial data to become integrated into databases.
Desafortunadamente, la cartografía inclusiva no cuenta con una historia y tradición tan rica en Hungría como en otros países. Comenzando nuestro artículo se presentan de manera abreviada las obras cartográficas más importantes creadas para personas ciegas y con discapacidad visual en el país. El Departamento de Cartografía y Geoinformática en los últimos años ha decidido hacer su contribución al desarrollo de esta rama tan importante de la cartografía y de la educación especial, promoviendo proyectos de investigación cuya esencia reside en buscar soluciones propias basadas en las experiencias internacionales. Dos proyectos son descriptos por los autores: el primero estimula la renovación de los principios cartográficos para hacer mapas y atlas de cartografía inclusiva en Hungría, mientras que el objetivo del segundo proyecto (aún no concluido) es experimentar esas soluciones en la región autónoma de Kurdistán en Irak, iniciando el estudio de las posibilidades de la aplicación de las técnicas y soluciones más modernas en la educación especial kurda.
Abstract. Mapping software refers to a type of computer software that allows the user to graphically represent, analyze, and model large quantities of data in either a static or dynamic format, allowing the user to convey a geographical information. It is also a visual tool that allows specialists to communicate and share spatial information easily. The researcher found that the three most significant aspects of successful map creation were those that were visual, spatial, and those that allowed for effective communication. Within the context of this study, mapping software is explored within the context of the benefits of different mapping software choices as they pertain to the benefits that those who are blind or visually impaired may receive from the software itself. The main purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which persons with low vision, visual impairment, or blindness found mapping software to be useful. Moreover, the researcher investigated the existing advantages and disadvantages of using different mapping software options and compared the features of those programs with the features of the programs that have been considered to be the best for use with Braille. The results show that ArcGIS offers a powerful way to visualize data and gain understanding and insights that may have been hidden or less accessible in other software choices.
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