Twitter is an online microblogging tool that disseminates more than 400 million messages per day, including vast amounts of health information. Twitter represents an important data source for the cancer prevention and control community. This paper introduces investigators in cancer research to the logistics of Twitter analysis. It explores methodological challenges in extracting and analyzing Twitter data, including characteristics and representativeness of data; data sources, access, and cost; sampling approaches; data management and cleaning; standardizing metrics; and analysis. We briefly describe the key issues and provide examples from the literature and our studies using Twitter data to understand public health issues. For investigators considering Twitter-based cancer research, we recommend assessing whether research questions can be answered appropriately using Twitter, choosing search terms carefully to optimize precision and recall, using respected vendors that can provide access to the full Twitter data stream if possible, standardizing metrics to account for growth in the Twitter population over time, considering crowdsourcing for analysis of Twitter content, and documenting and publishing all methodological decisions to further the evidence base.
Purpose: This study examined individual contributions to overall pacing strategy during 2-and 5-km rowing trials in a coxless-4 boat. Methods: A crew of 4 male rowers performed maximal-effort on-water trials over 2 and 5 km, and power output during every individual stroke was measured for each crew member. Mean overall boat and individual rower stroke power were calculated for each 25% epoch (25% of total strokes taken), and power for each individual epoch was calculated as a percentage of mean power maintained over the entire distance. The coefficient of variation was used to determine stroke-tostroke and epoch-to-epoch variability for individual rowers and the overall boat. Results: In both trials, the overall pacing strategy consisted of a high power output in the initial 25% that decreased in the middle 50% and increased again in the final 25%. However, individual rower data indicate wide variation in individual power profiles that did not always mimic the overall boat profile. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that overall boat power profiles during 2-and 5-km rowing trials are similar to velocity profiles previously reported for individual ergometry and on-water racing events. However, this overall profile is achieved despite considerable variation in individual rower profiles. Further research is warranted to determine the mechanisms through which individual contributions to overall pacing strategy are regulated and the effectiveness or otherwise of seemingly disparate individual strategies on overall performance. Keywords[AUQ1]:The distribution of workload throughout an event is 1 termed pacing, and the appropriate distribution of energetic resources is essential to successful performance.1 During 2000-m rowing, a common parabolic race profile has been reported in both on-water 2 and ergometer 3,4 events. Race profiles have been determined through calculation of mean boat speed every 500 m using split times. These data indicate that boat speed is fastest over the opening 500 m, decreases throughout the middle 1000 m, and increases again over the final 500 m.Almost all previous studies have reported total boat speed when analyzing pacing strategies during rowing. One study investigated the coordination and consistency of rowers in a racing-8 and demonstrated that individual force-time profiles when the oar is in the water remain preserved throughout a 22-minute training run. 5 However, that work used a submaximal exercise bout rather than a maximal-effort trial and did not report individual or overall boat power profiles, which relate to the distribution of muscle work rate over the duration of a competitive effort. No published study has reported individual rower or overall boat power profiles during on-water rowing. The aim of this case study was therefore to describe overall and individual rower power profiles of a coxless-4 boat during 2-and 5-km time trials.
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