The Evidence for Contraceptive Options and HIV Outcomes (ECHO) trial found no substantial difference in HIV acquisition risk between women randomised to injectable intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-IM), copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) or the levonorgestrel (LNG) implant. We evaluated post-randomization sexual behavior using an objective marker of condomless vaginal sex in a subset of participants. We conducted a sub-study among 458 ECHO participants at three sites (Cape Town, Johannesburg, Kisumu) to evaluate the frequency of condomless vaginal sex, measured by prostate specific antigen (PSA) detection in vaginal swabs, collected at the month 6 and final visit and the concordance of self-reported condomless vaginal sex with PSA detection, by randomized arm. We compared PSA detection frequency and concordance of PSA and self-reported condomless vaginal sex, by randomized group using Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests and adjusted generalized logistic growth curve models. PSA was detected less frequently in the DMPA-IM (16%), compared to the Cu-IUD (21%) and LNG implant (24%) groups, although results were not statistically significant in the unadjusted model when accounting for pre-specified multiple-testing criteria. There were significant differences in PSA detection between the DMPA-IM and LNG-implant groups (odds ratio 0.61 (95% CI 0.40, 0.94) in the adjusted model. There was moderate discordance between self-reported condomless vaginal sex and detection of PSA that was similar across randomized groups. These data suggest that women randomized to Cu-IUD and LNG implant may have had condomless sex more frequently than women randomized to DMPA-IM. The discordance between detectable PSA and self-reported sexual behaviour has important implications for design of future HIV prevention studies.
Working with young people who present with diverse gender identifications and their families requires consideration and acknowledgement of a range of contexts (including relationship, family, social and cultural) as well as the influences of prior experience and language. Family members often present with diverse understandings and hopes from their referral to the Gender Identity Development Service and look to us to meet these. This article considers the contribution of Cronen and Pearce who introduced the theory of the co-ordinated management of meaning (CMM). We focus on their ideas about communication, the complexities of communication, meaning, context and multiple perspectives. This article relates to our practice as well as considers useful ways to work with families and young people, within a highly contested field. Clinical examples are used to illustrate how we have made use of the theory and models of CMM to facilitate engagement, build therapeutic rapport, facilitate understanding and support those we see in a way which takes into account the many contexts of their lives.
Racist discourses embedded in our social structures can have a profoundly negative impact on people's emotional well‐being. This paper calls for a re‐focusing within systemic therapy on anti‐colonial and social justice approaches specifically on addressing racism. We propose that if we are to make this shift in our practice, we need to first engage in processes of self‐reflexivity about the impact of racism on ourselves and our personal relationships. We draw on Paolo Freire's idea of ‘conscientisation’, or consciousness raising – a form of self‐reflexivity through the lens of power, and on the work of McKenzie‐Mavinga, who highlights the importance of therapists developing their awareness and understanding of how racism operates in their lives. We illustrate these ideas through an exploration of how we have approached this work within a long‐standing peer supervision group.
BackgroundPoint-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become a useful diagnostic tool across multiple specialties. However, no standardized curriculum is currently in place for Canadian Internal Medicine (IM) residency programs. This report aims to describe the development of a longitudinal POCUS curriculum at Dalhousie University and reports on resident knowledge, confidence, and perceived clinical utility of POCUS also.MethodsResidents in the core IM program were invited to complete a POCUS survey and knowledge test in December 2019. The survey evaluated self-reported confidence in acquired POCUS skills and clinical use in practice, whereas the knowledge test evaluated image interpretation skills.ResultsA total of 34/45 (75.6%) residents participated, who agreed that POCUS training should be a formal component of residency (4.56 ± 0.56). Scores on the knowledge test improved based on time spent in the curriculum, with postgraduate year (PGY) 1s scoring an average of 70.0% (21/30) and PGY3s 82.8% (24.9/30; P = 0.02). Residents reported the strongest confidence in lung imaging for detecting A and B lines (4.10 ± 0.79), pleural effusions (3.92 ± 0.90), and lung sliding (3.89 ± 0.92).ConclusionDalhousie University is among the first IM programs in Canada to implement a formal longitudinal POCUS curriculum, which has enabled the incremental acquisition of POCUS knowledge, confidence, and clinical utility amongst residents. RésuméContexteL’échographie au point d’intervention (POCUS) est devenue un outil de diagnostic utile dans de multiples spécialités. Toutefois, aucun programme normalisé n’est en place actuellement dans les programmes de résidence en médecine interne au Canada. Ce rapport vise à décrire l’élaboration d’un programme longitudinal sur la POCUS à l’Université Dalhousie et rend compte des connaissances et de l’assurance des résidents relatives à la POCUS et de leur perception quant à son utilité clinique.MéthodologieDes résidents du programme de médecine interne tronc commun ont été invités à répondre à un sondage sur la POCUS et à effectuer un test de connaissances en décembre 2019. Le sondage a évalué le degré d’assurance quant aux compétences acquises sur la POCUS et à son utilisation clinique dans la pratique, tandis que le test de connaissances a évalué les compétences en matière d’interprétation des images. RésultatsAu total, 34 des 45 résidents ayant participé au sondage (75,6 %) sont d’avis que la formation sur la POCUS devrait être une composante officielle de la résidence (4,56 ± 0,56). Les scores du test de connaissances s’améliorent en fonction du temps passé dans le programme, le score des résidents de première année d’études postdoctorales (PGY-1) étant de 70,0 % (21/30) en moyenne et celui des résidents de troisième année (PGY-3) de 82,8 % (24,9/30; P = 0,02). Les résidents mentionnent faire preuve de la meilleure assurance en matière d’imagerie pulmonaire dans la détection des lignes A et B (4,10 ± 0,79), des épanchements pleuraux (3,92 ± 0,90) et des glissements pulmonaires (3,89 ± 0,92). ConclusionL’Université Dalhousie figure parmi les premiers programmes de médecine interne au Canada à mettre en œuvre un programme longitudinal officiel sur la POCUS, ce qui a permis l’acquisition progressive parmi les résidents des connaissances et de l’assurance relatives à la POCUS et de l’utilité clinique de cet outil de diagnostic.
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