Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance (IR), along with mitochondrial dysfunction to metabolically active tissues and increased production of reactive O2 species (ROS). Foods rich in antioxidants such as wheat germ (WG), protect tissues from damage due to ROS and modulate some negative effects of obesity. This study examined the effects of WG supplementation on markers of IR, mitochondrial substrate metabolism and innate antioxidant markers in two metabolically active tissues (i.e. liver and heart) of C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat-high-sucrose (HFS) diet. Male C57BL/6 mice, 6-week-old, were randomised into four dietary treatment groups (n 12 mice/group): control (C, 10 % fat kcal), C+10 % WG, HFS (60 % fat kcal) or HFS+10 % WG (HFS+WG). After 12 weeks of treatment, HFS+WG mice had significantly less visceral fat (-16 %, P=0·006) compared with the HFS group. WG significantly reduced serum insulin (P=0·009), the insulinotropic hormone, gastric inhibitory peptide (P=0·0003), and the surrogate measure of IR, homoeostatic model assessment of IR (P=0·006). HFS diet significantly elevated (45 %, P=0·02) cardiac complex 2 mitochondrial VO2, suggesting increased metabolic stress, whereas WG stabilised this effect to the level of control. Consequently, genes which mediate antioxidant defense and mitochondrial biogenesis (superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) and PPARγ coactivator 1-α (Pgc1a), respectively) were significantly reduced (P<0·05) in the heart of the HFS group, whereas WG supplementation tended to up-regulate both genes. WG significantly increased hepatic gene expression of Sod2 (P=0·048) but not Pgc1a. Together, these results showed that WG supplementation in HFS diet, reduced IR and improved cardiac mitochondrial metabolic functions.
Objective: Postprandial fluxes in oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, and lipids, particularly after a high-fat meal (HFM), have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study is to determine whether acute freeze-dried mango consumption modulates the postprandial response to an HFM. We hypothesized that the addition of mango, which is a rich source of many bioactive components, to an HFM would lower postprandial triglycerides, glucose, and inflammation, and increase antioxidant enzymes, compared to a standard HFM alone. Methods: In a randomized cross-over study, 24 healthy adult males (18-25 years old) consumed a typical American breakfast (670 kcal; 58% fat) with or without the freeze-dried mango pulp (50 g). Lipids, glucose, antioxidant enzymes, and inflammatory markers were assessed at baseline/fasting and 1, 2, and 4 hours after the HFM. Results: Addition of mango resulted in lower glucose (95.8 ± 4.4 mg/dL; P = .002) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; 58.4 ± 2.7 mg/dL; P = .01) 1 hour post-HFM compared to control (glucose: 104.8 ± 5.4 mg/dL; HDL-C: 55.2 ± 2.3 mg/dL), although no differences were observed in triglycerides ( P = .88 for interaction). No significant meal × time interactions were detected in markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, P = .17; interleukin-6, P = .30) or antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, P = .77; glutathione peroxidase, P = .36; catalase, P = .32) in the postprandial period. Conclusions: When added to an HFM, acute mango consumption had modest beneficial effects on postprandial glucose and HDL-C responses, but did not alter triglyceride, inflammatory, or antioxidant enzymes.
Changes in post‐prandial oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, particularly after a high fat meal, have been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). An individual spends approximately 16 hours a day in the postprandial phase, and attenuating the acute responses that occur during this state could be an effective strategy to reducing these risk factors for CVD. Fruits and vegetables have been shown to have numerous health benefits including reducing oxidative stress and inflammation due to the many phytochemicals they contain. One such fruit is mango which contains significant amounts of beta carotene and vitamin C as well as many other nutrients and phenolic compounds such as mangiferin. The aim of this study is to determine if acute mango pulp consumption together with a high fat meal challenge will modulate postprandial responses in healthy young adult males.MethodsIn a cross‐over study design, twenty‐five healthy young adult males (18–25 years old) were asked to consume a typical American breakfast (45% fat) with or without the consumption of freeze‐dried mango pulp (50g given as shake). Blood samples were taken at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 hours after the meal. Anthropometrics, dietary and physical activity, and clinical parameters were assessed.ResultsThere were no significant differences in antioxidant enzymes (GPx, CAT), inflammatory markers (TNF‐α or CRP), lipid parameters (cholesterol, LDL, HDL, TG, or NEFA) at all time points with acute mango consumption. One hour after the meal with mango, plasma glucose (p=0.04) and the antioxidant enzyme SOD (P=0.041) were significantly lower. IL‐6 tended to be lower (p=0.07) four hours after the meal with mango shake. There were no significant differences in area under the curve for any of the assessed parameters.ConclusionAcute mango consumption had modest effects on post‐prandial responses.Support or Funding InformationSupported by OSU College of Human Sciences and a grant from the National Mango Board
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