macrophage presence (P ¼ .002) and MMP9 (P < .0001) activity were increased in RAAA tissue. Comment: Perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of this paper is the development of a reliable model of infrarenal AAA rupture in the rat. There model compared to previous models did not cause aortic dissection and was associated with mural thrombus in nearly every control and ruptured case in the study. Histologically their model was associated with increased markers of inflammation at the sites of rupture, and new sites of rupture were detected by 18 F-FDG imaging. In human studies there is also suggestion that positive 18 F-FDG uptake in AAAs may be a marker of potential rupture with increased levels of 18 F-FDG uptake in patients requiring urgent AAA repair either due to rapid expansion or rupture (Saka
Introduction: Chronic kidney diseases affect patients with multiple respiratory complications by varied etiopathogenesis adversely affecting the outcome in them. The aim of the study is to find out the respiratory manifestations among patients with chronic kidney disease.
Methods: The descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from January 2019 to March 2019 after ethical approval. One hundred and two patients with established chronic kidney diseases being treated in a tertiary hospital for a month were included for the study. Clinical evaluation and relevant investigations; chest x ray, pleural fluid analysis, sputum analysis, echocardiography, biochemical investigations and hematological investigations were done to assess the respiratory manifestations of the patients.
Results: Pulmonary edema 41 (24.84%) was the most common manifestation followed by pleural effusion 18 (10.9%). Pleural effusions were predominantly bilateral and transudative type. Pneumonia 17 (10.3%) was predominantly lobar pneumonia. Sixteen (9.7%) of the patients were screened positive for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pulmonary tuberculosis was present in 9 (5.45%) patients.
Conclusions: Varieties of respiratory complications can present in varied spectrum in patients with chronic kidney diseases and this carries adverse outcome to patient management as well as affects the quality of life of the patient and their family.
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