Background Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common inhabitants of the nasopharynx of children. HIV-infected children have higher risk of invasive diseases caused by these pathogens. With widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S aureus, the interaction between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae is of a particular significance. We sought to determine the magnitude of colonization by methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and colonization by S. pneumoniae; associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-Infected children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A prospective observational study was conducted in 183 HIV-infected children at ALERT hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September 2016 to August 2018. S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were identified using standard bacteriological techniques, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on S. aureus and screening for methicillin resistance was carried out by amplifying the mecA gene. Risk factors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. Results The prevalence of nasopharyngeal S. aureus, MRSA and S. pneumoniae colonization were 27.3%, 2.7% and 43.2% respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization (aOR, 0.49; CI, (0.24, 0.99); p= 0.046). The highest level of resistance in both methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA was observed against tetracycline. Conclusions We found an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae colonization among HIV-infected children. Continued assessment of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and anti-retroviral therapy on nasopharyngeal bacterial ecology is warranted.
Background Because of limited infrastructure and skilled human capital, the etiology of meningitis is rarely identified in developing countries like Ethiopia. This results in unnecessary antibiotics use, economic crisis, hospitalization, and related nosocomial infections. Thus, we aimed to assess the epidemiology of human enteroviruses (HEVs) among clinically suspected meningitis cases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to August 2020 at selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 146 clinically suspected meningitis and bacterial culture-negative patients. SPSS v 21.0 was used for data analysis and bivariate correlation was done for the association between variables of interest. Results HEVs were detected in 39 (26.7%) of the 146 clinically suspected meningitis cases. Most of the HEVs cases 28 (71.9%) were detected in younger-aged infants less than 1 year. The most commonly observed clinical manifestations were vomiting (75.5%) followed by fever (56.8%) and impaired consciousness or irritability (50.7%). The mean length of hospital stay for patients with enteroviral meningitis was 9 days. Many patients with HEVs were recovered with sequelae (46.2%), and HEVs has contributed for one out of the nine meningeal deaths (11.1%). Conclusions HEVs were found to be the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. Many of the patients were mistreated with antibiotics and hospitalized. The detection of HEVs in 26.7% of clinically suspected meningitis cases indicated the need for molecular tests in investigating the etiology of meningitis. Therefore, we suggest the introduction of molecular tests as a routine practice in referral hospitals and the need to further characterize circulating HEVs strains.
Background: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common inhabitants of the nasopharynx of children. HIV-infected children have higher risk of invasive diseases caused by these pathogens. With widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S aureus, the interaction between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae is of a particular significance. We sought to determine the magnitude of colonization by methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and colonization by S. pneumoniae; associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-Infected children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method: A prospective observational study was conducted in 183 HIV-infected children at ALERT hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September 2016 to August 2018. S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were identified using standard bacteriological techniques, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on S. aureus and screening for methicillin resistance was carried out by amplifying the mecA gene. Risk factors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of nasopharyngeal S. aureus, MRSA and S. pneumoniae colonization were 27.3%, 2.7% and 43.2% respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization (aOR, 0.49; CI, (0.24, 0.99); p= 0.046). The highest level of resistance in both methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA was observed against tetracycline. Conclusions: We found an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae colonization among HIV-infected children. Continued assessment of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and anti-retroviral therapy on nasopharyngeal bacterial ecology is warranted.
Background Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are common inhabitants of the nasopharynx of children. HIV-infected children have higher risk of invasive diseases caused by these pathogens. With widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S aureus, the interaction between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae is of a particular significance. We sought to determine the magnitude of colonization by methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus and colonization by S. pneumoniae; associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among HIV-Infected children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method A prospective observational study was conducted in 183 HIV-infected children at ALERT hospital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from September 2016 to August 2018. S. aureus and S. pneumoniae were identified using standard bacteriological techniques, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on S. aureus and screening for methicillin resistance was carried out by amplifying the mecA gene. Risk factors were analyzed by using binary logistic regression. Results The prevalence of nasopharyngeal S. aureus, MRSA and S. pneumoniae colonization were 27.3%, 2.7% and 43.2% respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal colonization (aOR, 0.49; CI, (0.24, 0.99); p= 0.046). The highest level of resistance in both methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA was observed against tetracycline. Conclusions We found an inverse association between S. aureus and S. pneumoniae colonization among HIV-infected children. Continued assessment of the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and anti-retroviral therapy on nasopharyngeal bacterial ecology is warranted.
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